A Study of Ore-forming Fluids in the Shimensi Tungsten Deposit, Dahutang Tungsten Polymetallic Ore Field, Jiangxi Province, China

The Dahutang tungsten polymetallic ore field is located north of the Nanling W-Sn polymetallic metallogenic belt and south of the Middle—Lower Yangtze River Valley Cu-Mo-Au-Fe porphyry-skarn belt.It is a newly discovered ore field,and probably represents the largest tungsten mineralization district in the world.The Shimensi deposit is one of the mineral deposits in the Dahutang ore field,and is associated with Yanshanian granites intruding into a Neoproterozoic granodiorite batholith.On the basis of geologic studies,this paper presents new petrographic,microthermometric,laser Raman spectroscopic and hydrogen and oxygen isotopic studies of fluid inclusions from the Shimensi deposit.The results show that there are three types of fluid inclusions in quartz from various mineralization stages:liquid-rich two-phase fluid inclusions,vapor-rich two-phase fluid inclusions,and three-phase fluid inclusions containing a solid crystal,with the vast majority being liquid-rich two-phase fluid inclusions.In addition,melt and melt-fluid inclusions were also found in quartz from pegmatoid bodies in the margin of the Yanshanian intrusion.The homogenization temperatures of liquid-rich two-phase fluid inclusions in quartz range from 162 to 363℃ and salinities are 0.5wt%-9.5wt%NaCI equivalent.From the early to late mineralization stages,with the decreasing of the homogenization temperature,the salinity also shows a decreasing trend.The ore-forming fluids can be approximated by a NaCl-H_2O fluid system,with small amounts of volatile components including CO_2,CH_4 and N_2,as suggested by Laser Raman spectroscopic analyses.The hydrogen and oxygen isotope data show that δ5D_(V-smow) values of bulk fluid inclusions in quartz from various mineralization stages vary from-63.8‰ to-108.4‰,and the δ~(18)O_(H2O) values calculated from the δ~(18)O_(V-)smow values of quartz vary from-2.28‰ to 7.21‰.These H-O isotopic data are interpreted to indicate that the ore-forming fluids are mainly composed of magmatic water in the early stage,and meteoric water was added and participated in mineralization in the late stage.Integrating the geological characteristics and analytical data,we propose that the ore-forming fluids of the Shimensi deposit were mainly derived from Yanshanian granitic magma,the evolution of which resulted in highly differentiated melt,as recorded by melt and melt-fluid inclusions in pegmatoid quartz,and high concentrations of metals in the fluids.Cooling of the ore-forming fluids and mixing with meteoric water may be the key factors that led to mineralization in the Dahutang tungsten polymetallic ore field.     

Lacustrine Sedimentary Organic Matter Records of Late Quaternary Paleoclimates

Identification of the sources of organic matter in sedimentary records provides important paleolimnologic information. As the types and abundances of plant life in and around lakes change, the composition and amount of organic matter delivered to lake sediments changes. Despite the extensive early diagenetic losses of organic matter in general and of some of its important biomarker compounds in particular, bulk identifiers of organic matter sources appear to undergo minimal alteration after sedimentation. Age-related changes in the elemental, isotopic, and petrographic compositions of bulk sedimentary organic matter therefore preserve evidence of past environmental changes.We review different bulk organic matter proxies of climate change in tropical and temperate sedimentary records ranging in age from 10-500 ka. Times of wetter climate result in enhanced algal productivity in lakes as a consequence of greater wash-in of soil nutrients, and these periods are recorded as elevated Rock-Eval hydrogen indices, lowered organic C/N ratios, less negative organic 13C values, and increased organic carbon mass accumulation rates. Lowering of lake water levels, which typically depresses algal productivity, can also cause an apparent increase in organic carbon mass accumulation rates through suspension of sediments from lake margins and redeposition in deeper basins. Alternations between C3 and C4 watershed plants accompany climate changes such as glacial/interglacial transitions and wet/dry cycles, and these changes in land-plant types are evident in 13C values of organic matter in lake sediments. Changes in climate-driven hydrologic balances of lakes are recorded in D values of sedimentary organic matter. Visual microscopic examination of organic matter detritus is particularly useful in identifying changes in bulk organic matter delivery to lake sediments and therefore is important as an indicator of climate changes.     

Magmatic Nature of Mineralizing Fluids in the Solnechnoye Sn Deposit (Russia) Deduced from Isotopic (H,O) Compositions of Tourmaline

In this paper, we present new isotopic (H, O) data of fluids in tourmalines from the large Sn deposit at Solnechnoye (Far East Russia). These data indicate that the deposit formed by fluid‐rock interactions in a hydrothermal system where the mineralizing fluid was mainly magmatic and to a lesser extent meteoric. This is in agreement with a magmatic fluid model. Our interpretation of the new isotopic data is consistent with earlier findings of the studies on fluid‐rock interactions that magmatic fluids form larger Sn deposits than exogenic fluids. We propose that isotopic (H, O) data of fluids in tourmaline, rather than those in quartz, muscovite, or chlorite, support robust interpretation on the nature of mineralizing fluids associated with Sn deposits.     

用于单体氢同位素分析的混合溶剂洗脱5分子筛吸附正构烷烃的方法

混合溶剂萃取洗脱5分子筛吸附正构烷烃的方法在单体碳同位素分析研究中已得到了应用。由于5分子筛在长时间加热条件下可能对有机分子的氢交换反应具有一定的催化作用,因此对于该方法能否用于正构烷烃的单体氢同位素分析需要做进一步研究。本文以两种不同类型原油的饱和烃和正构烷烃混合标准样品为对象,采用环己烷-正戊烷溶剂和氢氟酸溶解-正戊烷溶剂洗脱5分子筛吸附的正构烷烃,对比分析两种萃取方式的分离效果,并分别测定了正构烷烃的单体氢同位素比值。结果表明:两种萃取方式都得到了纯化效果良好的正构烷烃组分,氢同位素测定结果的差值总体上小于4‰,在仪器分析误差范围内。经过三次环己烷-正戊烷洗脱方式获得正构烷烃回收率平均值为58%,氢氟酸溶解-正戊烷洗脱方式经过多次萃取操作获得正构烷烃回收率平均值为68%。尽管环己烷-正戊烷洗脱方式提取正构烷烃的效率较低,并且涉及在分子筛条件下多次较长时间的加热过程,但这两个因素没有导致氢同位素发生明显的分馏或交换过程,适合用于正构烷烃分离、纯化以及单体氢同位素测定。     

论金矿成矿与CO2相关性的实质

根据CO2的形成条件及其与Au的配合能力，金成矿系统矿物流体包裹体的气相成分，有代表性的金矿物的化学成分，具成因意义的共、伴生矿物，认为金成矿与CO2相关性的实质是CO与成矿物质形成羰基配合物、羰基氢配合物迁移至地壳浅部，由于温度、压力骤降，fo2剧增，上述配合物分解(CO、H2逃逸，氧化)形成金矿物沉淀富集成金矿床。     

陆地植物有机分子化合物氢同位素组成及其古环境意义

近年来，随着高温裂解－色谱－同位素质谱技术的发展，使有机分子化合物氢同位素的生物地球化学研究成为可能，并已被应用到湖泊沉积物、泥炭等地质记录的古环境研究中。然而，由于目前对陆地植物有机分子化合物氢同位素组成变化与气候变化之间关系很好的认识，造成了地质纪录中的有机分子化合物氢同位素组成变化解释的不确定性。笔者利用 GC/TE/IRMS 方法初步测定了中国西北地区干旱－半干旱地区现代植物和黄土/古土壤序列中正构烷烃组分（主要来自植物叶蜡）的氢同位素组成。来自34个现代植物（包括21个C3 植物和 13个 C4 植物）的δD值变化为 C27 为－10‰～－200‰、C29 为－115‰～－205‰、C31为－113‰～－226‰。结果表明：与目前人们的认识不同，植物叶蜡的氢同位素组成与植物光和作用方式（C3 或 C4 植物）相关性较弱，而与植物的类型（木本和草本）相关；尽管降雨、温度、光合作用方式等因素可能影响植物氢同位素分馏效应，但植物氢同位素组成更大程度的受控于植物生长来源水中的氢同位素组成。黄土高原西峰黄土/古土壤剖面过云130 kyr正构烷烃组分的平均氢同位素组成变化为－140‰～－190‰。偏正δD峰值对应于相对干旱的黄土沉积阶段（海洋氧同位素阶段2和4），而偏负的 δD 峰值对应于相对湿润的古土壤发育阶段（海洋氧同位素阶段 1、3 和 5）。笔者认为黄土/古土壤序列的有机分子化合物的氢同位素组成记录了东亚季风气候控制下中国北方干旱、半干旱地区植被的演化及相应的气候干/湿变化。     

微波碱性体系消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定固体废物中的六价铬

六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)是建设用地土壤及固体废物环境监测的必测指标之一,为了配套现行土壤环境质量标准,建立操作简便、准确精密的Cr(Ⅵ)前处理和分析测定方法势在必行。本文采用0.1mol/L磷酸氢二钠溶液(pH=9.0)作为提取剂,微波炉消解,在优化的微波消解温度和时间内,保证了对固体样品基体的破坏作用,将晶格中的Cr(Ⅵ)全部释放到溶液中,并有效抑制了Cr(Ⅲ)氧化。用0.45μm滤膜在pH=9.0条件进行过滤后,可以将六价铬(溶液)与三价铬(沉淀)分离,借助电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)完成样品溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的定量。结果表明:当样品量为1.00g,微波消解温度为90℃,消解时间为20min时能够保证固体废物中Cr(Ⅵ)的完全提取及准确测定。方法检出限为0.057mg/kg,相对标准偏差(n=7)低于3.20%,与HJ 687标准方法进行比对,测得的相对偏差介于-5.6%~7.6%;实际固体废物中Cr(Ⅵ)的加标回收率为94.3%~96.6%。与前人相关的电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(检出限0.83mg/kg,加标回收率均值87.2%)相比,本方法的检出限更低,样品前处理时间更短,自动化程度高,可应用于环境监测领域。     

四川盆地东部长兴组--飞仙关组气藏地球化学特征及气源探讨

四川盆地上二叠统长兴组生物礁和下三叠统飞仙关组鲕滩是“九五”期间的勘探重点,通过对长兴组-飞仙关组气藏的烃源岩、储层沥青和天然气的地球化学研究,确认了上二叠统的滨岸煤系泥岩和海槽相碳酸盐岩为主要烃源岩,长兴组-飞仙关组气藏天然气主要来源于下伏的上二叠统烃源岩,天然气以垂相运移为主,飞仙关组部分气藏天然气中硫化氢含量较高与储层中膏岩层的分布和热硫酸盐还原作用有关,上述这些特征与沉积相带密切相关。     

西藏列廷冈-勒青拉铅锌铁铜钼矿床成矿流体特征:来自流体包裹体及碳氢氧同位素的证据

列廷冈-勒青拉矿床位于西藏冈底斯北缘多金属成矿带东侧,是该成矿带内一个独特的同时发育Pb、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mo五种元素矿化的典型矽卡岩型矿床.对该矿床成矿流体性质研究有助于解决这种具有不同来源属性的多金属共生矿床的成矿机制等科学问题.基于此,选取与Fe-Cu-Mo矿化和Pb-Zn-Cu矿化密切相关的矽卡岩矿物和脉石矿物,系统开展了流体包裹体和碳氢氧同位素研究,结果显示二者的成矿流体来源相同并经历了相似的演化过程.矽卡岩阶段主要发育富液相包裹体,成矿流体具有高温中高盐度特征.成矿期石英硫化物阶段和成矿后期碳酸盐阶段主要发育富液相包裹体和含子晶的多相包裹体,前者成矿流体温度属于中高温范畴,而盐度分为高盐度和低盐度两类;后者成矿流体温度属于中低温范畴,而盐度同样分为高盐度和低盐度两类,研究表明出现两种盐度截然不同的流体是由于沸腾作用造成的.稳定同位素研究结果显示矽卡岩阶段成矿流体主要源于发生过脱水去气作用的残余岩浆水,石英硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段均有大气降水的参与.灰岩地层与正常海相碳酸盐岩相比δ18O明显亏损,表明成矿流体在矿区灰岩地层中大规模运移并发生水岩反应,从而在远端矽卡岩带形成铅锌铜矿化.结合前人及本次研究结果,列廷冈-勒青拉矿床Fe-Cu矿化与Pb-Zn矿化为同一时期岩浆活动的产物,但分别与不同属性的岩浆有关.降温冷却、流体混合作用以及pH值的变化是控制列廷冈-勒青拉矿床金属沉淀的重要因素,而成矿温度和岩浆属性的差异是造成成矿元素在空间上分带的主要原因.     

青海湖沙柳河流域浅层地下水氢氧稳定同位素分布特征

地下水氢氧稳定同位素的组成与空间分布规律可为研究地下水补给及深入认识水循环过程提供重要理论依据。基于青海湖沙柳河流域浅层地下水样品的氢氧稳定同位素数据,通过空间插值法和δD-δ¹⁸O线性关系法,分析了氢氧稳定同位素组成、空间分布特征及地下水补给关系。结果表明：沙柳河流域中下游地区浅层地下水δ¹⁸O与δD值分别为-8.54‰~-6.02‰和-58.6‰~-34.6‰,平均值分别为-6.79‰和-41.8‰;δ¹⁸O值在流域空间上表现为西北、中部高,南北低的特征;流域西北和中部地区地下水主要受降水补给,补给来源单一、蒸发作用强是该区域地下水同位素值较高的原因,降水→地下水→泉水是其主要补给、排泄关系;流域北部、南部地区地下水与降水、河水、泉水等水体水力联系密切,不同补给来源的平滑作用是该区域地下水同位素值较低的原因,其补给、排泄关系主要为降雨→河水→地下水→泉水（或降雨→地下水→泉水→河水）。