论湖相滩与坝的成因差异

滩坝是滨浅湖地区常见的一种沉积体系类型,自20世纪90年代起,滩坝作为良好的油气储集体受到人们重视。本文在国内外大量文献资料查阅以及现代沉积考察的基础上,追溯滩坝定义来源,并从水动力搬运和沉积方式上对湖相滩与坝的差异进行重新讨论,将滩与坝划分为两种能够完全区分的沉积体。滩是自浪基面至最大湖泛面范围内,碎屑物质在波浪作用下垂直于湖岸搬运和沉积的、与岸大致平行的席状(或条带状)沉积体,向陆地方向直接与湖岸平原相连。滩可以呈大面积席状展布,也可以呈滩脊、滩槽状相间分布,沿岸沙坝本质是形成于水下的滩脊。坝是在沿岸流作用下,碎屑物质平行湖岸搬运并沉积于岸线向陆弯折处、一端与岸相连、另一端向湖区自由伸展的沉积体,坝与湖岸平原常有湖湾或泻湖相隔。滩与坝的形成水动力条件不同,平面上无法共生,不应该将坝砂作为滩砂的特殊类型进行研究。厘清滩与坝的成因和差别,将有助于陆相含油气盆地滩坝砂储层的精确勘探与开发。     

Particle image velocimetry and numerical simulations of the hydrodynamic characteristics of an artificial reef

This article reports a particle image velocimetry study and the comparative results of a numerical simulation into the hydrodynamic characteristics around an artificial reef.We reveal the process of flow separation and vortex evolution,and compare the force terms generated by our artificial reef model.The numerical simulation agrees well with experimental results,showing the applicability of computational fluid dynamics to the hydrodynamics of an artificial reef.Furthermore,we numerically simulate the hydrodynamics of the reef model for seven velocities.The results show that the drag coefficient is approximately 1.21 in a self-modeling region for Reynolds numbers between 2.123×104and 9×104.Therefore,the upwelling height and current width of the flow field do not change significantly when the inflow velocity increases.Our study indicates that computational fluid dynamics can be applied to study the hydrodynamics of an artificial reef and offer clues to its construction.     

围海建设对天津近海水动力环境的影响研究

基于FVCOM三维水动力模型研究了围填海建设对天津近海海域水动力的影响。结果表明:针对近岸海域的围填建设,围填造陆对天津近海海域的潮流场有一定的影响,围填建设区北部和南部区域流速增大,右侧区域流速减小,流速变化在-30～20cm/s之间,平均变化率为30.4%,流向变化在-50°～40°之间;余流场变化幅度较大,在1～17.9cm/s之间。     

Hydrodynamic regime as a major control on localization of uranium mineralization in sedimentary basins

Uranium deposits in sedimentary basins can be formed at various depths,from near surface to the basement.While many factors may have played a role in controlling the location of mineralization,examination of various examples in the world,coupled with numerical modeling of fluid flow,indicates that the hydrodynamic regime of a basin may have exerted a major control on the localization of uranium deposits.If a basin is strongly overpressured,due to rapid sedimentation,abundance of low-permeability sediments or generation of hydrocarbons,fluid flow is dominantly upward and uranium mineralization is likely limited at shallow depths.If a basin is moderately overpressured,upward moving fluids carrying reducing agents may meet downward moving,oxidizing,uranium-bearing fluids in the middle of the basin,forming uranium deposits at moderate depths.If a basin is weakly or not overpressured,either due to slow sedimentation or dominance of high-permeability lithologies,minor topographic disturbance or density variation may drive oxidizing fluids to the bottom of the basin,leaching uranium either from the basin or the basement,forming unconformity-type uranium deposits.It is therefore important to analyze the hydrodynamic regime of a basin in order to predict the most likely type and location of uranium deposits in the basin.     

黄土坡面发育平稳的细沟流水动力学特性

由于天然降雨存在间歇性,常会出现前期降雨已经发育成型的细沟又经历了二次降雨的情况,但目前对这一条件下细沟流水动力学特性的研究还很少。本文采用室内人工模拟降雨的方法,通过间隔24 h两场不同雨强的降雨,研究黄土坡面经过第一场降雨形成比较稳定的细沟之后,在第二场较小雨强降雨过程中,细沟发育平稳时的流水动力学特性。研究结果表明:①细沟流速大小受坡长影响并不显著,相同坡度下不同坡长的细沟流平均流速差别不大;细沟流速受细沟形态影响较大,25°坡面比20°坡面细沟密度大,流速相对较小;②剪切力大小受流量和坡度共同作用;雷诺数与水流剪切力呈显著正相关关系,弗洛德数与水流剪切力则呈显著负相关关系;③随着距坡顶距离的增加,阻力系数呈增大趋势;第二次降雨强度相同,坡度大的坡面上阻力系数也较大,可见阻力系数与径流量和坡度的关系十分紧密;阻力系数与雷诺数之间呈显著正相关关系,雷诺数的增加意味着平均流速增大,水流强度增大导致细沟形态更为复杂,水流受到的阻力增大;虽然雷诺数增加同时也意味着水流深度增大,但从试验结果可见,陡坡条件下阻力系数受流速的影响较大。     

Spectroscopic studies of synthetic and natural ringwoodite, γ-(Mg,Fe)<Subscript>2</Subscript>SiO<Subscript>4</Subscript>

Synthetic ringwoodite γ-(Mg_1?x Fe _x )₂SiO₄ of 0.4 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 compositions and variously colored micro-grains of natural ringwoodite in shock metamorphism veins of thin sections of two S6-type chondrites were studied by means of microprobe analysis, TEM and optical absorption spectroscopy. Three synthetic samples were studied in addition with Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Mössbauer spectra consist of two doublets caused by ^VIFe²⁺ and ^VIFe³⁺, with IS and QS parameters close to those established elsewhere (e.g., O’Neill et al. in Am Mineral 78:456–460, 1993). The Fe³⁺/Fe_total ratio evaluated by curve resolution of the spectra, ranges from 0.04 to 0.1. Optical absorption spectra of all synthetic samples studied are qualitatively very similar as they are directly related to the iron content. They differ mostly in the intensity of the observed absorption features. The spectra consist of a very strong high-energy absorption edge and a series of absorption bands of different width and intensity. The three strongest and broadest absorptions of them are attributed to splitting of electronic spin-allowed ⁵ T _2g → ⁵ E _g transitions of ^VIFe²⁺ and intervalence charge-transfer (IVCT) transition between ferrous and ferric ions in adjacent octahedral sites of the ringwoodite structure. The spin-allowed bands at ca. 8,000 and 11,500 cm^?1 weakly depend on temperature, whilst the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ IVCT band at ~16,400 cm^?1 displays very strong temperature dependence: i.e., with increasing temperature it decreases and practically disappears at about 497 K, a behavior typical for bands of this type. With increasing pressure the absorption edge shifts to lower energies while the spin-allowed bands shift to higher energy and strongly decreases in intensity. The IVCT band also strongly weakens and vanishes at about 9 GPa. We assigned this effect to pressure-induced reduction of Fe³⁺ in ringwoodite. By analogy with synthetic samples three broad bands in spectra of natural (meteoritic) blue ringwoodite are assigned to electronic spin-allowed transitions of ^VIFe²⁺ (the bands at ~8,600 and ~12,700 cm^?1) and Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ IVCT transition (~18,100 cm^?1), respectively. Spectra of colorless ringwoodite of the same composition consist of a single broad band at ca. 12,000 cm^?1. It is assumed that such ringwoodite grains are inverse (Fe, Mg)₂SiO₄-spinels and that the single band is caused by the split spin-allowed ⁵ E → ⁵ T ₂ transition of ^IVFe²⁺. Ringwoodite of intermediate color variations between dark-blue and colorless are assumed to be partly inversed ringwoodite. No glassy material between the grain boundaries in the natural colored ringwoodite aggregates was found in our samples and disprove the cause of the coloration to be due to light scattering effect (Lingemann and Stöffler in Lunar Planet Sci 29(1308), 1998).     

正弦曲线型地层基准面旋回一维定量理论模型的建立

在综述基准面基本概念的基础上,从泥沙运动力学角度出发建立了正弦曲线型地层基准面旋回的一维定量理论模型。模型通过沉降速率、基准面旋回曲线、沉积物供给速率曲线以及泥砂的平均粒径和密度等基本属性数据,给出了地层表面高度变化的数学表达式,模拟了地层表面的变化,实现了对于地层的沉积、侵蚀和饥饿沉积的模拟,建立和恢复了地层样式。最后通过起始地层面高度高于、低于和等于基准面三种情况下的稳定地层样式对比,得出了由突发、短暂的地层沉降所打破的旋回沉积平衡易于恢复;而因地层抬升偏离的平衡,其恢复时间相对较长。     

基于HBP本构模型的泥石流动力过程SPH数值模拟

本构模型是描述泥石流流变特性的关键,也是决定其动力过程数值模拟准确性的核心问题之一。泥石流流体属多相混合物,现有的研究已证实其存在剪切增稠或剪切变稀的现象,传统基于Bingham及Cross线性本构关系的数值模型难以准确描述泥石流流变特性。文中探讨了Bingham模型在低剪应变率下的数值发散问题,在光滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）方法框架上建立了整合Herschel-Bulkley-Papanastasiou(HBP）本构关系的稀性泥石流动力过程三维数值模型。相比传统基于浅水波假设的二维数值模型,所述方法从三维尺度建立SPH形式下的泥石流浆体纳维?斯托克斯方程并进行数值求解,可获取泥石流速度场时空分布及堆积形态,同时采用HBP本构关系描述泥石流流变特性,能在确保数值收敛的前提下反映泥石流流体在塑性屈服过渡段及大变形状态下应力?应变的非线性变化。为验证提出方法的合理性,结合小型模型槽实验观测进行了对比,结果表明数值模拟与实测结果基本吻合。     

A Review of Formation Mechanism Study on Reservoirs with Tilted Oil-water Contacts

The distribution characteristics of the oil-water contact are the basis for the reservoir exploration and development and reserves evaluation. The reservoir with a tilted oil-water contact has a unique formation mechanism, and the understanding of its distribution and formation mechanism will directly affect the evaluations for the reservoir type, well deployment, selection of well pattern and type, determination of test section, and reserves evaluation. Based on the analysis of reservoir characteristics, petrophysical properties and geological structure in 40 reservoirs worldwide with tilted oil-water contacts, the progress of the research on the formation mechanisms of titled oil-water contacts is summarized in terms of the hydrodynamic conditions, reservoir heterogeneity, neotectonic movement and oil-gas exploitation. According to the formation mechanism of tilted oil-water contacts and the needs of exploration research, different aspects of research methods are summarized and classified, such as the calculation of equipotential surfaces for oil and water in the formation, analysis of formation pressure and analysis of reservoir physical properties and so on. Based upon statistical analysis, it is suggested that the degree of the inclination of the oil-water contact be divided based on the dip of oil-water contact(DipTOWC). The tilted oil-water contact is divided into three categories: large dip(DipTOWC≥55 m/km), medium dip(4 m/km≤DipTOWC55 m/km), and small dip(DipTOWC4 m/km). The classification and evaluation method can be combined with structure amplitude and reservoir property. The formation mechanism of domestic and international reservoirs with tilted oil-water contacts are summarized in this paper, which have important significance in guiding the exploration and development of the oilfield with tilted oil-water contacts, reserves evaluation, and well deployment.     

半潜式超大型浮式结构水动力系数研究

以半潜式超大型浮式结构在动力响应分析中的各水动力系数为研究对象,经理论推导得到D’Alembert动力学方程中的移动式海上基地(MOB)单模块运动的结构质量、结构附加质量、静恢复力系数的简易计算公式。以MOB的"三模块模型"为例,研究其在6级海况浪向角为0°~90°条件下,各模块的附加质量系数及静恢复力系数的历时规律,以实例MOB中的第1个模块为代表展示了计算结果,并统计其最大值与文献资料中的结果进行对比。结果表明:运用本理论公式计算的结果与文献中所得结果相似,可验证本理论公式的正确性、可行性与合理性,为求解半潜式超大型浮式结构模块动力响应位移及转角提供简便的方法。