Shifts of the head of Zhengguo canal dug in Qin dynasty and recent activity of the fault on north margin of the Weihe downfaulted basin

Vertical differential movement rates of the fault on north margin of the Weihe downfaulted basin in recent 2000 years are analyzed by using the data of shifts of the head of Zhengguo canal, dug in Qin dynasty and the data of burial depths of historical relics and the data of levelling. The results show that in Ming dynasty this fault experienced the highest differential up-and-down movement, about 6.6 mm/a, while the rate became lower since Qing dynasty, about 2.6 mm/a. The high rate activity coincided with the period of high seismic activity in the Weihe downfaulted basin in the 15 – 16th centuries. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 195–200, 1992. This project is sponsored by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation.     

On the Ergodicity Hypothesis in Heterogeneous Formations

Application of the ergodicity hypothesis to the stochastic subsurface hydrology has been checked by investigating the hydraulic conductivity field. The relative variance of the spatial average of conductivity, which is denoted as R, and the error index E.I. = , were employed to justify the uncertainties and errors of using the ergodicity hypothesis. Six factors influence R: autocorrelation function; variance of logconductivity; spatial correlation scales of logconductivity; domain sizes; anisotropy; and dimensionality of the problem. Closed-form analytical solutions of R for the linear autocorrelation function were derived and the numerical integration of R for the exponential autocorrelation function for one-, two-, and three-dimensional problems calculated. It is easy to fulfill the ergodicity hypothesis under these conditions: weak heterogeneity and large ratio of domain size vs. correlation length (L/I). The uncertainties and errors of using this hypothesis increase rapidly when the variances of logconductivity increase and/or the ratios of L/I decrease. The ergodicity hypothesis has less error when applied to a problem with higher dimensionality.     

Dynamic model for constriction scour caused by large woody debris

Large woody debris (LWD) can have a significant impact upon local channel morphology by creating scour pools and zones of reduced shear stress in which sediment is deposited. It is important to predict scour depths associated with LWD, as it is becoming increasingly common for debris to be added into river channels to improve sediment retention and create pools for aquatic habitat. Engineered log‐jams should therefore be designed using factor of safety engineering analysis, which includes estimates of associated scour and deposition rates. However, the rate and total depth of scour associated with LWD have not been modelled comprehensively, with authors resorting to the use of generic local and constriction scour models to predict scour depths. Also, constriction scour models presented, to date, do not calculate the rate of scour development. In this paper a model is presented for predicting the rate and total depth of scour associated with a channel constriction. The model is one‐dimensional and is based upon the sediment continuity equation, the calculation of specific head changes through the constricted reach and also allows for a variable free surface elevation above the bed at the constriction. This model could be applied to any channel constriction problem but here is used to determine scour rates and depths associated with deflector‐type LWD jams. Deflector jams are one category of jam type presented in a debris jam classification scheme, in which jam type is a function of the ratio of average riparian tree height to average channel width. Deflector jams, as the name implies, partially block the flow and therefore act as a channel constriction, which results in constriction scour. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interchannel hydraulic geometry and hydraulic efficiency of the anastomosing Columbia River,southeastern British Columbia,Canada

The morphodynamics of the anastomosing channel system of upper Columbia River in southeastern British Columbia, Canada, is examined using an adaptation of conventional hydraulic geometry termed ‘interchannel hydraulic geometry’. Interchannel hydraulic geometry has some of the characteristics of downstream hydraulic geometry but differs in that it describes the general bankfull channel form and hydraulics of primary and secondary channels in the anastomosing channel system. Interchannel hydraulic geometry generalizes these relationships and as such becomes a model of the geomorphology of channel division and combination. Interchannel hydraulic geometry of upper Columbia River, based on ?eld measurements of ?ow velocity and channel form at 16 test sections, is described well by simple power functions: w_bf = 3·24Q_bf^0·64; d_bf = 1·04Q_bf^0·19; v_bf = 0·30Q_bf^0·17. These results, with other related measurements of ?ow resistance, imply that channel splitting leads to hydraulic inef?ciency (higher ?ow resistance) on the anastomosing Columbia River. Because these ?ndings differ from those reported in studies elsewhere, we conclude that hydraulic ef?ciency does not provide a general explanation for anabranching in river channels. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水力自动恒定水位溢流堰的研究

介绍了一种水力自动溢流堰及其恒定水位的工作原理,并通过实验验证了其工作性能的可靠性。该装置恒定水位精度高,完全可以替代目前实验室等应用的稳定水位设施,不仅可以节省占地面积和流量调节时间,而且大大提高了实验模拟精度,具有较大的实用价值。     

应用最大熵原理分析水利工程经济效益的风险

采用层次分析方法,将水利工程经济效益系统分为防洪、发电、灌溉效益子系统,辩识出风险因子,建立了基于最大熵原理(准则)的经济效益风险分析模型,并给出求解方法。对总系统经济效益风险分析采用了两种方法:一是直接对辩识出的风险因子进行概率分析,得出总效益指标的最大熵密度函数;二是按照"风险树"的思路,分析子系统效益的风险特性,再进行风险组合,从而考察总效益的风险性。用实例验证了该模型的可行性和实用性。     

入海水系整治水情数值模拟方法

入海水系河道纵横交错，其水流同时受上游河道来水、下游出口潮汐顶托、水工建筑物调控等的综合影响，水文情势十分复杂。采用水文预报与数值模拟结合的方法，对上游各边界河道采用由瞬时单位线法推得的设计洪水过程作为入流条件，对入海边界根据潮位过程及水工建筑物调节规程确定出流边界条件，进行了来水与潮位不同遭遇多种工况下的水文水流预测模拟，为水系整治提供水情依据。     

调谐质量阻尼控制装置在深圳地王商业大厦风振控制中的应用

本文从控制装置实现角度，研究了调谐质量阻尼控制装置的关键技术，其中包括装置的支撑系统、气压弹簧和液压阻尼器。应用这些技术研究了在地王大厦安装HMD装置控制结构风振响应，解决了地王大厦在风荷载作用下总侧移和层间位移角超出我国规范限值的问题。在准确把握结构动力特性和设计准则的前提下，对控制装置的参数进行了设计。系统仿真分析表明，HMD控制装置在地王大厦上应用可以有效降低结构侧向位移。     

Determination of hydraulic conductivity of sand-bentonite mixtures for engineering purposes

Pollution of the environment due to leakage from waste repositories is a well-known and wide spread problem. Emphasis has therefore been put on design of liners for such repositories, focusing on hydraulic conductivity and its variation with time, liner composition, water content, compaction etc. The paper addresses the hydraulic conductivity of sand/bentonite mixtures, especially the variation of the hydraulic conductivity as a function of bentonite content, compaction and degree of saturation. In order to better understand the variation of the hydraulic conductivity of a sand–bentonite mixture a new parameter k ₁ has been proposed. The parameter reflects the amount of bentonite per pore volume and can easily be calculated based on the amount of bentonite and the dry density of the soil mixture. Thereby, the hydraulic conductivity can be predicted as a function of different degres of compaction. This method can be used for engineering purposes to predict the hydraulic conductivity at an early stage of a design to get an idea of the required design and hence, cost.     

含盐土水理参数的试验研究

By the indoor experiment research the hydraulic parameters of the saline soil (soil-water potential and coefficient of permeability), find the some characters of the soil- water potential of saline soil: for the same saline soil at the same dry bulk density, whenever salt solution in soil, at the same liquor content the absolute value of the soil-water potential is always bigger than the saltless soil. And at the same liquor content the absolute value of the soil-water potential increases with increasing the concentration of the salt liquor. And at the same concentration of the salt liquor and at the same liquor content, the absolute value of the soil-water potential of sulphate salt liquor soil is bigger than chloride salt liquor soil. Moreover, the absolute value of the soil-water potential of calcium chloride liquor is bigger than sodium chloride liquor. The disciplinarian of the coefficient of permeability to the saline soil is that whenever saline soil the coefficient of permeability decreases with increasing the salt content and the fine soil change more obviously than coarse-grained soil and the sulphate salt soil change more obviously than sodium chloride salt soil.