压裂井经济分析的优化方法

水力压裂是油气井增产的一项重要技术措施。压裂效果的经济评价，实际上是一个压裂设计的优化过程。研究经济问题即为研究压裂优化问题。提出了压裂井的施工费用计算方法和贴现率、净收入、净现值的计算公式，并对压裂井进行了经济分析，给出了压裂设计优化的步骤。建立了八屋—后五家户气田压裂经济评价模型，并应用到实际施工现场。使油气单井产量比过去增加2～3倍。     

Investigation of spatially distributed braided river flows using a two‐dimensional hydraulic model

This paper reports the application of a two‐dimensional hydraulic model to a braided reach of the Avoca River, New Zealand. Field measurements of water surface elevation, depth and velocity obtained at low flow were used to validate the model and to optimize the parameterization of bed friction. The main systematic trends in the measured flow variables are reproduced by the model. However, field data are characterized by greater spatial variability than model output reflecting differences in the scale of processes measured in the field and represented by the model. Additional model runs were conducted to simulate flow patterns within the study reach at five higher discharges. The purpose of these simulations was to evaluate the potential for using two‐dimensional hydraulic models to quantify the reach‐scale hydraulic characteristics of braided rivers and their dependence on discharge. Changes in flow depth and velocity with increasing discharge exhibit trends that are consistent with the results of previous field investigations, although the tendency for the wetted area of the braidplain within particular depth and velocity categories to remain fixed as discharge rises, as has been noted for several braided rivers in New Zealand, was not observed. Modelled shear stress frequency distributions fit gamma functions that incorporate a distribution shape parameter, the value of which follows clear systematic trends with rising discharge. These results illustrate both the problems of, and potential for, using two‐dimensional hydraulic models in braided river applications. This leads to something of a paradox in that while such models provide a means of generating hydraulic information that would be difficult to obtain in the field at an equivalent spatial resolution, they are, due to the problems inherent to data collection, difficult to validate conclusively. Despite this limitation, the application of spatially distributed models to investigate relationships between discharge and reach‐scale form and process variables appears to have considerable potential. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汛期HLAFS产品在低纬高原地区预报能力客观检验

为充分使用我国暴雨模式（ＨＬＡＦＳ）数值预报产品，该文对１９９６年汛期ＨＬＡＦＳ在低纬高原地区预报能力进行客观检验和效果分析。其结果表明，ＨＬＡＦＳ对高度、气温等形势场有较好预报能力；物理量预报中的动力要素场（垂直运动）和水汽要素场（水汽通量散度）能较好反映云南强降水过程，有较好参考价值，热力要素场（θｓｅ３００－θｓｅ７００）预报效果较差，在实际应用中应注意订正。     

三峡工程大江截流的水文技术

鉴于三峡工程大江截流水深大，流量大，工期紧，特别是截流过程中要考虑不断航因素，因此，在大江截流和二期围堰阶段的施工进程中，应充分考虑到各方面的因素，尽可能采取一切减少大江截流和二期围堰施工难度的手段和措施，其中水文测验，水文气象预报，河道观测，水文分析与计算和水力学计算等水文工作则是为顺利实施高质量大江截流的重要条件。     

PELIMINARY ANALYSES FOR CROP WATER CONSUMPTION BY USING LYSIMETER

Ｉ.ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＨｕａｎｇ-Ｈｕａｉ-ＨａｉＰｌａｉｎｉｎＮｏｒｔｈＣｈｉｎａｉｓａｃｒｕｃｉａｌａｒｅａｉｎｐｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇａｂｏｕｔｏｎｅ-ｆｉｆｔｈｏｆｔｏｔａｌｓｔａｔｅｆｏｏｄ[4],ａｎｄｉｔｉｓｆａｃｉｎｇａｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｗａｔｅｒｓｈｏｒｔａｇｅｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎｏｆｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙａｎｄａｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎ.Ｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｉｎｓｏｉｌ-ｐｌａｎｔ-ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅｃｏｎｔｉ…     

MD－50型钻机液压系统的设计

介绍了ＭＤ－５０型钻机液压系统的设计原理和主要液压元件的选择依据，并通过对设计和实践的总结，谈了作者在全液压钻机液压系统设计中的一些体会。     

ADVANCES IN MEASURING TECHNIQUES OF BED LOAD

I.m~UCrIONBedloadisthesedimentwhichmovesalongtheriverbedintheformofrolling,slidingandsaltation.BedloadmaycreatemanyproblemsintheoperationandmaintenanceofnavigationchannelandinthedevelOPmentofhydroelectricity.Dataofbedloaddischargearealsorequiredinthedesignofreservoir,inwhichtheinflowbedloadareallactuallytrapped.Thewaysofbedloadmotionaredifferentfordifferentsizes.Thus,itisextremelydifficulttodeterminethebedloaddischargeaccurately.Manyequationshavebeenproposedtocalculatethebedloaddischarge.H…     

一种新型自动开槽机及其控制

针对棒、管料开槽的问题，提出了一种新型全自动开槽机。介绍了该开槽机的结构和工作原理，建立全自动开槽机相适应的液压系统，搭建了开槽机继电器——控制器控制电路，实现了该设备的全自动过程控制。     

Comparison of hydraulic geometry between sand‐ and gravel‐bed rivers in relation to channel pattern discrimination

A comparison has been made between the hydraulic geometry of sand‐ and gravel‐bed rivers, based on data from alluvial rivers around the world. The results indicate a signi?cant difference in hydraulic geometry among sand‐ and gravel‐bed rivers with different channel patterns. On this basis, some diagrams for discrimination of meandering and braided channel patterns have been established. The relationships between channel width and water discharge, between channel depth and water discharge, between width–depth ratio and water discharge and between channel slope and water discharge can all be used for channel pattern discrimination. The relationship between channel width and channel depth can also be used for channel pattern discrimination. However, the accuracy of these relationships for channel pattern discrimination varies, and the depth–discharge relationship is a better discriminator of pattern type than the classic slope–discharge function. The cause for this difference has been explained qualitatively. To predict the development of channel patterns under different natural conditions, the pattern discriminator should be searched on the basis of independent or at least semi‐independent variables. The relationship between stream power and bed material grain size can be used to discriminate channel patterns, which shows a better result than the discriminator using the slope–discharge relationship. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Discovery and analysis of ultra-micro grinding grain texture in slipping lamellae of ductile-brittle zone

In the 1990s of the 20th century, we participated in the research of the stress field in fissure tectonics of scientific deep bore cores for the Deep Observation and Sampling of the Earths Continental Crust (DOSECC for short). Spherical and enriched ul-tra-micro granular textures (nm size), which enriches Nb element (Wang & Sun, 1990; Sun & Wang, 1993)[1,2], were found during the observation of ul-tra-micro slipping lamellae of ductile and brittle oc-curring in Late Mesozoic granites us…