In-situ testing of Singapore marine clay at Changi

The Changi East Reclamation Project in the Republic of Singapore comprises of the ground improvement of marine clay with the installation of prefabricated vertical drains and subsequent surcharge placement. Prior to the commencement of land reclamation works, a series of in-situ tests were conducted in marine conditions with the use of various in-situ testing equipment. The In-Situ Testing Site was located in the Northern area of the project where the thickest compressible marine clay layers existed. The in-situ tests carried out were with the field vane, piezocone, flat dilatometer, self-boring pressuremeter and BAT permeameter. In-situ tests were conducted to determine the undrained shear strength and overconsolidation ratio of the marine clay. In-situ dissipation tests provide a means of evaluating the in-situ coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of soft soil and were used to estimate these properties of Singapore marine clay at Changi.     

Influence of aquifer heterogeneity and return flow on pumping test data interpretation

Analytical solutions of drawdown in unconfined aquifers are widely applied for determining the specific yield, S_y, and the horizontal and the vertical hydraulic conductivity K_r and K_z, respectively. In many previous studies, estimates of S_y and K_z were observed to be highly variable and physically unrealistic. This has been attributed to the conceptualization of flow above the declining water table and aquifer heterogeneity in the applied models. We present the analysis of time-drawdown data from a pumping test instrumented with depth-differentiated observation piezometers arranged in clusters. Applying homogeneous anisotropic aquifer models in combination with nonlinear least squares parameter identification techniques, the data were analyzed in different groups: analysis of data from individual piezometer clusters and simultaneous analysis of the entire data set from all piezometer clusters (global analysis). From the cluster analyses, estimates of S_y and K_z exhibit large variances and depart from a priori estimates inferred from the hydrostratigraphy. Parameter estimates from the global analysis do not fall within the parameter bounds (minimum and maximum values) defined by the cluster analyses. While heterogeneity appears to be the important reason for large parameter variances, we discuss the influence of rarely considered aquifer return flow on drawdown and the inconsistent results from the cluster and global analyses. We corroborate our findings with data on hydraulic gradients, slug test data, and results from the application of a more realistic numerical flow model.     

Hydro-thermal performance of unsaturated bentonite-sand buffer material

Several series of one-dimensional heat and moisture flow tests were performed to examine the moisture and temperature distributions in the buffer material compacted to a dry density of 1.67 Mg m⁻³ and water content of 17.7%. In all tests, water was allowed to infiltrate into a horizontal soil column from one end under a constant hydrostatic head of 276 kPa. Also the specimens were heated from the other end by the heater to a constant temperature.

It is experimentally demonstrated that the moisture moves from both ends toward the mid part of the soil column due to both thermal gradient from one end and hydraulic gradient from the other end. It was observed that, in spite of no overall volume change, local volume change occurs in the system. The measured temperatures along the length of the specimen indicate that temperature distributions stabilize within a short period of time. The time required for the temperature to stabilize decreases as the heater skin temperature increases.

The diffusivity parameters are calculated using the measured moisture and temperature profiles combined with the finite difference method. Powell's optimization algorithm was used to determine the material parameters. Good agreements between experimentally measured and calibrated volumetric water content shows that the diffusion parameters can be expressed in a linear function of the volumetric water content and temperature.     

Analysis of fracture network connectivity using percolation theory

Connectivity aspects of fracture networks are analyzed in terms of percolation theory. These aspects are of fundamental importance in characterization, exploitation, and management of fractured formations. General connectivity and power law relationships are determined that characterize the density of fractures and average number of intersections per fracture necessary to ensure network connectivity, the likelihood of a fractured formation being hydraulically connected, and the probability that any specific fracture is connected to the conducting portion of the network. Monte Carlo experiments with a two-dimensional fracture network model confirm the percolation theory predictions. These relationships may prove useful in formulating theoretically tractable approximations of fracture nerworks that capture the essential system properties.     

螺旋钻孔液力扩底注浆桩基础工艺

针对螺旋扩底桩在较疏散的砂土层和砂卵石层中存在的问题，研制并成功地采用了螺旋钻孔液力扩底注浆成桩工艺技术。着重介绍了钻机及护孔工具的结构形式及技术经济效果。     

MD－50型钻机的研制

介绍ＭＤ－５０型钻机的结构、参数和特点。该钻机完成了十三陵锚固工程，通过了部级鉴定。     

A partial explanation of the dependency of hydraulic conductivity on positive pore water pressure in peat soils

Part of the relationship between positive pore water pressures and hydraulic conductivity in peat soils may be explained by accumulations of methane bubbles. We show how compression and expansion of gas bubbles with changes in pore water pressure could cause changes in hydraulic conductivity and thus help to explain some observations of dependency of hydraulic conductivity in peats on pore water pressure. Consideration is also given to the effect on hydraulic conductivities of methane gas going into solution with increase in pore water pressure.     

浅层测温中几个重要干扰因素的分析及校正

为了获取较多的来源于地球深部热源的温度信息,在浅层土壤测温中,必须认真分析严重干扰地表浅层温度场分布的因素,力图通过正确的校正将其影响的幅度压低。文中分析了地表状况不同(不同土质、不同植被条件)对地表浅层温度场的影响,提出了几种校正方法并重点讨论了求热扩散系数的方法。     

应力波法测试液动冲击器性能参数的微型计算机系统

本文详细介绍了用应力波法测试液动冲击器性能参数的微机系统。该系统根据国际标准设计,具有方法先进,设备简单,采样速度快及计算准确等特点。使用该系统,可以很方便地测量冲击器的能量、频率、流量等重要指标。它提供了研究和改进液动冲击器的有效方法,进一步研究将会得知不同冲击器破碎岩石所需的能量。该系统首次在地质系统应用。     

煤矿大口径喷射钻进技术研究

结合煤矿大口径施工现有条件，研究出适于低泵压情况下的喷射钻进最佳水力参数设计方法。详细介绍了设计步骤，并在实践中取得明显的经济和社会效益。它对煤炭、地质及冶金系统开展喷射钻进优化设计有重要指导意义