棘爪机构伸缩式钻孔水力开采装置的设计与试验

钻孔水力采矿由于安全系数高、工程效益和生态环境保护好等优点在国外一直被研究和使用。我国相关的科研院所也正在开展研究。本文在分析研究国外钻孔水力开采装置的基础上,研制了具有自主知识产权的棘爪机构伸缩式钻孔水力开采装置。该装置利用机械式伸缩水枪的方式扩大水力开采矿层的范围,创新性地采用棘爪机构固定水枪的伸出角度,从而提高单孔开采量,降低开采成本。初步野外实验结果表明,该装置结构设计合理、工作可靠性高,可有效进行开采,达到了预期的目标。     

液压裂管技术在污水管道原位置换中的应用

介绍了液压裂管技术的工作原理、施工步骤,并结合在长春污水管道更换的施工案例,对液压裂管技术应用于污水管道原位置换的施工步骤、施工遇到的问题和处理措施、以及施工注意事项进行了详细的阐述。在该工程中,液压裂管技术体现出了其独特的优势,取得了很好的效果,其中的经验为今后的非开挖换管工程提供借鉴。     

人工掏挖坡面侵蚀微地貌演化及其水力学特性分析

人工掏挖是黄土高原地区夏闲地翻耕时广为应用的耕作方式,为探明其坡面侵蚀过程,利用三维激光扫描仪及ArcGIS软件,阐明其在人工模拟间歇降雨下坡面微地貌、侵蚀产沙及水力学参数演变规律。结果表明:①坡面侵蚀历经溅蚀-片蚀、断续细沟、连续细沟3个阶段;降雨截止时细沟平面密度、平均沟深、最大沟长和最大沟深分别增至初始的1.42倍、2.24倍、15.5倍和2.43倍。②地表糙度随降雨历时推移从1.706呈近似线性趋势减小至1.488;累积降雨量达80 mm之前,径流量、含沙量随地表糙度的减小增加缓慢,但之后随地表糙度减小增加剧烈。③降雨过程中流速呈现波动增加趋势,水流由层流快速过渡至紊流,但始终保持为缓流,水流阻力呈波动下降,且形态阻力一直居于主导地位。人工掏挖耕作坡面在雨强1.5 mm/min、降雨量80 mm以内可起到蓄水保土作用,但在连续强降雨下也更易引起细沟侵蚀。     

水工环地质勘查技术的实际应用探讨

随着社会经济的快速发展,地质勘查工作逐渐完善,其中水工环地质勘查是较为基础的工作,其重要性日益显著,但水工环地质勘查在发展过程中受诸多因素的制约,其技术不能满足地质勘查的需求,也不能满足经济发展的需要。在此基础上,本文将分析水工环地质勘查技术的概况,并阐述水工环地质勘查技术的实际应用,旨在提高水工环地质勘查技术应用的能力,促进水工环地质勘查工作的有序开展。     

ZDY1000G型全液压坑道钻机的设计

ZDY1000G型全液压坑道钻机是一款主要面向坑道勘探而设计的装备,可用于煤矿瓦斯抽放孔、探放水孔和其他工程钻孔的施工。介绍了该钻机的设计思路、机械系统和液压系统,并对具有复合缓冲张紧装置的双油缸链条倍速给进机构和具有减压钻进功能的双泵液压系统进行了详细描述。      

单孔岩样水压致裂的数值分析

水压致裂是改变岩体结构的一种天然行为和人为手段。采用F－RFPA2D软件,对水压致裂过程、裂缝扩展形态及注水孔形状和大小、应力条件和岩样强度等影响因素进行了研究。将开始出现声发射的水压称为微裂压力,将声发射急剧增多、裂缝非稳定扩展直至岩样破坏的水压称为破裂压力。岩样尺寸一定时,微裂压力和破裂压力随内孔面积增加而降低,方形孔岩样的微裂压力和破裂压力均小于同面积的圆形孔。微裂压力和破裂压力随围压或岩样强度增加而增加,且其差值随岩样强度增加而增加,理论破裂压力与模拟值趋势基本一致。方形孔的宏观裂纹起裂位置多在角点附近,而圆形孔比较随机。无围压时,宏观裂纹的延伸方向随机;有围压时,宏观裂纹扩展方向大致与主应力方向一致,且沿较大主应力方向的宏观裂纹扩展至岩样破坏,较小主应力方向宏观裂纹不完全发育。研究结果对水压致裂试验和工程实践有一定参考意义。     

大跨暗涵衬砌混凝土温度数值分析与裂缝控制

以南水北调中线石京段古运河枢纽工程暗涵段为工程背景,采用理论分析和数值计算,提出了南水北调暗涵衬砌结构施工过程中钢筋混凝土内部温降的控制标准,即按最不利部位考虑,30 d内混凝土内部温降不应超过26.7 ℃,为选取合理的温控措施提供了依据。以衬砌内部温度场数值分析为理论依据,结合下穿段暗涵的地形条件、结构特点,并考虑工程气候特点,优化混凝土配比、降低水泥用量、掺入适量粉煤灰以及采用遮阳棚和地垄等工程措施,有效控制了混凝土结构的内部温度变化,成功解决了大体积混凝土施工温度裂缝问题,保证了结构工程的施工质量。理论计算与现场量测相结合,结果表明,实测值与计算值规律基本一致,说明计算模型和计算参数选取的合理性和计算结果的正确性,可为后续类似工程提供参考。     

Concentration profiles for fine and coarse sediments suspended by waves over ripples: An analytical study with the 1-DV gradient diffusion model

Field and laboratory measurements of suspended sediments over wave ripples show, for time-averaged concentration profiles in semi-log plots, a contrast between upward convex profiles for fine sand and upward concave profiles for coarse sand. Careful examination of experimental data for coarse sand shows a near-bed upward convex profile beneath the main upward concave profile. Available models fail to predict these two profiles for coarse sediments. The 1-DV gradient diffusion model predicts the main upward concave profile for coarse sediments thanks to a suitable β(y)$\beta (y)$-function (where β$\beta$ is the inverse of the turbulent Schmidt number and y   is the distance from the bed). In order to predict the near-bed upward convex profile, an additional parameter α$\alpha$ is needed. This parameter could be related to settling velocity (α$\alpha$ equal to inverse of dimensionless settling velocity) or to convective sediment entrainment process. The profiles are interpreted by a relation between second derivative of the logarithm of concentration and derivative of the product between sediment diffusivity and α$\alpha$.     

Percolation losses in paddy fields with a dynamic soil structure: model development and applications

The hydraulic characteristics of the plough pan of paddy fields provide continuous ponding conditions during the growing season and control the water use efficiency in wet rice production. Its saturated hydraulic conductivity K_s, however, exhibits a large spatiotemporal variability as a consequence of a highly dynamic soil structure involving temporary shrinkage cracks. Water flow through the earthen bunds surrounding the fields further contributes to the uncertainty in water flux calculations. The objective of this study was to develop a simple deterministic model with stochastic elements (‘PADDY‐FLUX’) for depiction of deep percolation, and to assess the effect of different water management scenarios on percolation in two channel command areas. Darcy's law is used as the fundamental equation for water flow calculations with the ponding water depth h as a time‐dependent variable. Flux uncertainty is estimated by a Monte‐Carlo‐type implementation. K_s is treated as a random variable of a bimodal probability density function (PDF), which is the weighted sum of two Gaussian PDFs (accounting for a matrix and a preferential flow domain). The weighing factor α is a function of h, reflecting an increasing risk for preferential flow situations after desiccation and the development of shrinkage cracks. Under‐bund percolation is calculated using transfer functions. The results demonstrate that percolation losses increase in the following order: continuous soil saturation < continuous flooding (CF) < mid‐season drainage and intermittent irrigation (MD + II) < mid‐season drainage and continuous flooding. The bunds contribute up to 54 and 17% to total fluxes under CF and MD + II, respectively. Preferential water fluxes are responsible for the major part of water losses as soon as desiccation causes the formation of shrinkage cracks. As a conclusion, continuous soil saturation should be promoted as the least water‐intensive irrigation regime, while intermittent irrigation is recommended only in case that irreversible shrinkage cracks have already developed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水库蓄水过程中堆积体边坡瞬态稳定性分析

由现场试验结合Fredlund和Xing方法确定了堆积体的非饱和渗透性函数分布曲线。根据概化的地质模型,建立了非饱和渗流分析的有限元模型,模拟得到蓄水过程中不同时刻坡体中孔隙水压力的分布。把暂态孔隙水压力的分布和非饱和土强度理论应用到普遍极限平衡法（GLE）中,进行了库水上升过程中边坡瞬态稳定性分析。结果表明,库水上升过程中,坡体整体稳定性是下降的,而在受库水变动影响的局部区域,其稳定性系数随着库水位的上升表现出先减小后增大的趋势,即存在一个危险水位,在一定条件下,可能会诱发坡体下部局部区域失稳。