煤岩水力压裂裂缝扩展形态试验研究

通过室内水力压裂物理模拟试验系统,对大尺寸原煤进行了水力压裂模拟试验,根据水力裂缝的空间展布形态分析了煤岩储层水力裂缝的延伸规律,揭示了网状裂缝的形成机制。结果表明：水力裂缝易在弱层理处分叉和转向,发育的层理和裂缝系统等结构面为压裂形成裂缝网络提供了前提条件。泵压曲线呈现出的频繁波动是煤岩内产生网状裂缝的一个显著特征。水力裂缝的起裂与延伸有4种基本模式,裂缝网络的形成多为这4种基本模式的组合。地应力差异系数和泵注排量对煤层水力裂缝形态有较大影响。较小的地应力差异系数更利于网状裂缝的形成;较高的压裂液排量易形成相对简单的裂缝形态,导致压裂改造效果较差。该试验方法和试验结果可为现场水力压裂参数设计和优化提供参考和依据。     

黄河马头关段全新世古洪水水文恢复及气候背景研究

通过野外观察研究,在黄河中游晋陕峡谷永和县佛堂村（FTC）支沟口的回水湾内发现了全新世古洪水滞流沉积物。结合沉积学分析,判定它们是典型的全新世古洪水悬移质泥砂颗粒在高水位滞流环境中的沉积物。利用“古洪水SWD厚度含沙量法”恢复古洪水洪峰水位,借助HEC-RAS模型估算出4次古洪水事件洪峰流量在25 200～51 500 m³·s^-1之间。OSL测年结果显示,FTC地点的古洪水发生在1 900～1 700 a BP、3 400～3 000 a BP。全新世气候变化研究表明,这两个时期气候恶化,旱涝灾害多有发生。FTC地点的两期四次洪水反映了这两个时期的气候异常变化成果,表明了黄河中游水文系统对气候变化作出的响应,也印证了季风区河流对气候突变的响应规律,为黄河中下游地区防洪减灾和水资源开发提供了基础数据。     

Hydraulic properties of concentrated flow of a bank gully in the dry‐hot valley region of southwest China

To quantify spatiotemporal variation in hydraulic properties of bank gully concentrated flow, a series of scour experiments were run under water discharge rates ranging from 30 to 120 l min^?1. Concentrated flows were found to be turbulent and supercritical in the upstream catchment area and downstream gully beds. As discharge increased, values of the soil erosion rate, Reynolds number (Re), shear stress, stream power, and flow energy consumption (ΔE) increased while values of the Froude number (Fr) and the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor (resistance f ) did not. With the exception of gully headcut collapse under discharge rates of 60, 90, and 120 l min^?1, a declining power function trend (P < 0.05) in the soil erosion rate developed in the upstream catchment area, headcuts, and downstream gully beds. However, increasing trends were observed in temporal variations of hydraulic properties for downstream gully beds and the upstream catchment area. Despite significant differences in temporal variation between the soil erosion rate and hydraulic property values, relative steady state conditions of the soil erosion rate and ΔE were attained following an initial period of adjustment in the upstream catchment area, headcuts, and downstream gully beds under different discharge rates. A logarithmic growth of flow energy consumption per unit soil loss (ΔE_u) was observed in bank gullies and the upstream catchment area as the experiment progressed, further illustrating the actual reason behind the discrepancy in temporal variation between soil erosion rates and ΔE. Results demonstrate that ΔE can be used to estimate headcut erosion soil loss, but further quantitative studies are required to quantify coupling effects between hydraulic properties and vertical variation in soil mechanical properties on temporal variation for bank gully soil erosion rates. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于孔壁应变发展规律的压裂孔三阶段起裂特征试验研究

利用自行研制的煤岩体水力压裂试验系统,开展了配比型煤与原煤水力压裂试验,测试并分析了水力压裂过程中压裂孔孔壁应变-水压曲线,并基于孔壁应变的发展规律,分析了压裂孔的三阶段起裂特征。结果表明,在压裂孔起裂过程中,钻孔孔壁呈现拉伸与压缩应变两种类型,并呈现拉伸破裂区与压缩变形区,其中压缩型应变具有较好的可恢复性,其应变恢复比远大于拉伸型应变;钻孔起裂过程分为3个阶段,即水气作用诱导微损伤形成阶段,孔壁内形成气流通道并产生初始损伤;局部损伤带形成阶段,孔壁形成拉伸破裂区和压缩变形区;试件失稳破坏阶段,裂缝不断延伸直至试件破裂,拉伸破裂区依然保持拉伸变形并较好地保持残余变形,而压缩变形区则由于作用力转向而得到一定程度恢复。研究成果对于揭示钻孔起裂行为及能量的演化规律具有重要理论意义。     

复合水力化增透技术在低渗突出煤层瓦斯抽采中的应用

为增加低渗突出煤层的透气性,提高煤层瓦斯抽采率,提出"钻扩一体化+水力压裂"复合水力化增透技术。介绍了该技术的原理及工艺系统组成等,并在重庆南川宏能煤矿进行了工程试验。试验结果表明,与采用单一"水力压裂"和单一"钻扩一体化"水力化技术的钻孔相比,采用复合水力化增透技术的钻孔,其瓦斯抽采纯量较前二者分别提高了3.37倍和2.80倍,瓦斯抽采体积分数分别提高了3.35倍和2.64倍。      

添加沸石对黏性土-膨润土竖向隔离墙材料压缩和渗透特性的影响

土-膨润土系竖向隔离墙广泛应用于工业污染场地和地下水修复工程。通过坍落度和一维压缩固结试验研究添加沸石对黏性土-膨润土竖向隔离墙材料的工作性,以及压缩和渗透特性。黏性土选用高岭土,沸石-高岭土-膨润土试样中沸石掺量为2%～40%。试验结果与以往沸石-砂-膨润土竖向隔离墙材料以及击实沸石-膨润土混合土研究结果进行对比,明确沸石掺量和粒径对压缩和渗透特性的作用规律。试验结果显示,满足隔离墙材料施工要求的含水率范围随沸石掺量增加而增大,并处于液限的0.96～1.18倍。添加细颗粒沸石对试样的压缩指数和渗透系数影响较小,渗透系数小于10-9 m/s。相反,添加粗颗粒沸石将导致微孔隙尺寸增大,并形成水能够通过的沸石网架结构,将显著增大渗透系数。试样渗透系数能够通过考虑孔隙比和液限的经验公式进行良好的预测。     

快速测量非饱和土渗透系数的湿润锋前进法适用性研究

非饱和土渗透系数函数是非饱和土体渗流分析中必不可少的参数。然而非饱和土渗透系数函数测量非常困难,其中稳态法测量范围过于狭小,而瞬时截面法耗时动辄数月,难以应用。为此,提出了湿润锋前进法,有望在一周内测得渗透系数函数。采用数值模拟手段检验湿润锋前进法的测量精度和适用范围。数值模拟结果显示：对于砂土、粉土、黏土,湿润锋前进法得到的渗透系数函数均与输入的理论渗透曲线一致,但测量范围限于高吸力范围（大于进气值）。此外,还采用瞬时截面法计算了渗透系数函数,结果表明：瞬时截面法计算的渗透系数在理论渗透曲线附近波动,其精度取决于监测截面的间距,间距越大,精度越低。在给出的20、60、100 mm这3种间距中,20 mm间距时计算得到的渗透系数精度最高,但与湿润锋前进法的精度仍有一定差距。因此,湿润锋前进法是一种可靠的能够快速得到渗透系数函数的测量手段。     

福建沿海边缘陆域的原地应力测量研究

通过在福建沿海边缘陆域地区活动断裂带附近进行水压致裂原地应力测量, 得到了地表浅部构造应力的大小、方向和分布特征. 根据实测的地应力资料,用库仑摩擦滑动准则分析研究了断裂带的性质和活动性. 结果表明:① 沿海岸线边缘自北向南,其最大水平主压应力方向为北西向,与测区北西向断裂带走向近于平行,与地质构造、跨断层形变测量等方法反映的主压应力方向大体一致,与震源机制解反映的主压应力方向夹角20deg;左右; ② 水平主应力值随深度增加而增大,与垂直应力值的关系为SHSVSh和SHasymp;SV Sh, 应力状态有利于走滑断层和正断层活动;③ 利用库仑摩擦滑动准则,摩擦强度取0.6～1.0分析, 断层附近的现今地应力状态达到或超过产生正断层摩擦滑动的临界值,表明测区现今构造活动以正断层为主; ④ 反映出本区现今构造应力场的力源主要来自太平洋板块向西和菲律宾板块向北西对欧亚板块的水平挤压作用.      

Nonlinear oscillations of semigeostrophic Eady waves in the presence of diffusivity

Analyses are performed to examine the physical processes involved in nonlinear oscillations of Eady baxoclinic waves obtained from viscous semigeostrophic models with two types of boundary conditions (free-slip and non-slip). By comparing with previous studies for the case of the free-slip boundary condition, it is shown that the nonlinear oscillations are produced mainly by the interaction between the baroclinic wave and zonal-mean state (total zonal-mean flow velocity and buoyancy stratification) but the timescale of the nonlinear oscillations is largely controlled by the diffusivity. When the boundary condition is non-slip, the nonlinear oscillations are further damped and slowed by the diffusive process. Since the free-slip (non-slip) boundary condition is the zero drag (infinite drag) limit of the more realistic drag boundary condition,the nonlinear oscillations obtained with the two types of boundary conditions are two extremes for more realistic nonlinear oscillations.     

DISCONTINUOUS FLOW OF TURBID DENSITY CURRENTS Ⅱ. INTERNAL HYDRAULIC JUMP

Traveling and stationary internal hydraulic jumps in density currents with positive or negative entrainment coefficients were analyzed based on simple assumptions. An expression of internal hydraulic jumps with entrainment coefficients was derived. Experimental data, published in literature, of stationary internal hydraulic jumps in turbid, thermal and saline density currents including measured values of water entrainment were used to compare with theory. Comparison was also made of traveling internal hydraulic jumps between measured data and theory.