液体对土工织物膨润土垫膨胀性和渗透性的影响

近年来土工织物膨润土垫（GCL）被越来越多地应用到各种防渗工程中,它的膨胀性和渗透性也成为了设计人员和研究人员所关注的焦点。通过水化膨胀试验、自由膨胀试验和渗透试验,研究了液体对GCL膨胀性能和渗透性能的影响以及膨胀性和渗透性之间存在的相关关系。试验结果表明, 水化液和渗透液的种类对GCL的膨胀性和渗透性有很大影响,其影响分别为：(1) 水化液相同时,渗透液的种类对GCL的渗透系数有影响,而渗透液相同时,水化液的种类对GCL的渗透系数也有影响;(2) GCL的水化膨胀量和渗透系数之间存在相关关系,水化膨胀量越大,渗透系数就越低;(3) GCL中膨润土的自由膨胀量和GCL的渗透系数之间也存在相关关系,自由膨胀量越大,GCL的渗透系数就越低。     

In Situ Pore Water Pressure Dissipation Testing of Marine Clay under Reclamation Fills

In situ dissipation tests provide a means of evaluating the in situ coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of soft clays. Dissipation tests by means of piezocone (CPTU), dilatometer (DMT), self-boring pressuremeter (SBPT) and BAT permeameter (BAT) were utilized in the characterization of the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of Singapore marine clay at Changi in a land reclamation project. Dissipation tests were carried out prior to reclamation as well as after ground improvement with vertical drains to compare the changes in the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity prior to and after ground improvement. Tests were carried out in a vertical drain area as well as in an adjacent untreated control area after 23 months of surcharge loading, for comparison purposes. The purpose of this research is to determine the horizontal consolidation parameters of Singapore marine clay prior to reclamation as well as after 23 months of surcharge loading with and without vertical drains by means of in situ dissipation tests.     

Emplaced Geotechnical Characteristics of Hydraulic Fills in a Number of Australian Mines

Hydraulic fills used in Australian mines have similar grain size distributions whilst having quite different specific gravity values, typically in the range of 2.7–4.4. When produced and distributed in slurry at 65–75% by solid content, they settle to produce fills with similar geotechnical characteristics. The fills under investigation have been found to settle, in the laboratory, to a dry density of about 0.56 × specific gravity, a saturation water content of about 17–34%, and a porosity of 37–49%. A quick estimate of the optimum water content that gives the minimum porosity may be obtained by locating the intersection of the saturation curve and minimum porosity line, which may simply be done on a water content vs. porosity plot. However, transportability of the slurry requires it to be mixed at water content substantially greater than the optimum water content. As the tailings settle out of suspension, they settle to relative density of 50–80%. This paper shows that the current empirical relationships relating relative density and N-value to friction angle for sands will significantly underestimate the friction angle of the hydraulic fills. Based on limited experimental data, a unique relationship between relative density and friction angle is proposed for hydraulic fills placed in some Australian mines.     

Hydrologic and geoenvironmental characterization of wetlands in quarries of the Vinalopó Mitjà (Alicante, Spain)

This paper deals with the environmental characterization of the “Collao de Candela” enclave (Alicante, SE Spain), which in the early 1980s reported strong mining activity mainly due to the extraction of marls. The subsequent abandonment of such quarries produces floods in depressed areas that are constituted as pools. These anthropogenic wetlands are the object of this research. In order to characterize the geometry of the studied wetlands a bathymetry was carried out. Bathymetric data are very important for water managers tasked with assessing wetlands’ status. A chemical and mineralogical characterization has been carried out on the lithologies in the study area. A study was also conducted of the physical and chemical parameters of the waters contained in these pools during one hydrologic cycle. The climate of the zone, having elevated evapotranspiration measurements, favors a progressive concentration of salts in the pools consequence of runoff water washing, the evaporitic sediments as well as from elevated evaporation. The results obtained justify the environmental protection of these marl-gypsum mining quarries as potential wetlands.     

Influence of streambed hydraulic conductivity on solute exchange with the hyporheic zone

A conservative solute tracer experiment was conducted in Indian Creek, a small urban stream in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to investigate the role of subsurface properties on the exchange between streamwater and the hyporheic zone (subsurface surrounding the stream). Sodium Bromide (NaBr) was used as a conservative tracer, and it was monitored in the surface water at two stations and in the upper bed sediments (shallow hyporheic zone extending from 7.5 to 10 cm below the streambed). The hydraulic conductivity (K) of the upper bed sediments and the lower bed sediments (10–12.5 cm below the streambed) was measured in situ. High tracer concentrations were observed in the upper layer at locations where the hydraulic conductivity of the upper layer was larger than that of the lower layer. Low concentrations in the upper layer were observed in the converse case. A statistically significant relationship between the mass retained in the upper layer and the difference of K values between layers was observed.     

高压引水隧洞衬砌的透水设计研究

国内大都采用荷载结构法及限裂设计的方法对水工高压隧洞的衬砌进行不透水设计。而实践证明,不透水设计并不适合于高压引水隧洞,它将导致过高的配筋量。目前,国内水工高压隧洞结构透水设计尚无适用的规范可循,因此,有必要寻求一种合理、安全的透水设计方法。针对水工高压隧洞,基于体力理论,提出一种对衬砌结构进行透水设计的有限元计算方法,并将其应用于某水电站工程。该方法可模拟隧洞的施工过程和运营检修工况,考虑渗流场和应力场的直接耦合作用,根据内力值计算衬砌裂缝的开展宽度以及相应的配筋量等。通过对比分析,说明在衬砌透水设计中隧洞满水状态为对其进行配筋的控制工况,且结果更符合工程实际,并能大大节省配筋量。     

Pilot-scale field model tests for detecting landfill leachate intrusion into the subsurface using a grid-net electrical conductivity measurement system

The grid-net electrical conductivity measurement system for detecting exact locations of landfill leachate intrusion in the subsurface was developed in this study. Laboratory and pilot-scale field model tests were performed to evaluate the direct application of a grid-net electrical conductivity measurement system for the detection of landfill leachate. A significant increase in electrical conductivity of soil was observed by adding landfill leachate. This can be explained as an increase in electrical conductivity of pore fluid due to an increase in leachate constituents as charge carriers. In pilot-scale field model tests, leachate intrusion locations were accurately identified at the initial stage of landfill leachate release by the grid-net electrical conductivity measurement system. The electrical conductivity of the subsurface before leachate injection lay within a small range of 24.8–43.0 S/cm. The electrical conductivity values in detected points were approximately ten times more than the conductivity values of the subsurface without landfill leachate intrusion. The results in this study indicate that the grid-net electrical conductivity measurement method has a possible application for detecting locations of landfill leachate intrusion into the subsurface at the initial stage, and thus has great potential in monitoring leachate leakage at waste landfills.     

强夯法在吹砂填海地基加固中的应用分析

通过强夯法在首钢京唐曹妃甸钢铁公司吹填砂地基处理工程中的应用情况和成功经验,对强夯设计、施工参数、加固效果进行了分析,为相似工程提供参考。     

加强钻孔水力开采技术研究，拓宽探矿工程创新发展空间

钻孔水力采矿是钻探工程在采矿工程中的一种应用,是一个重要发展方向,具有拓宽创新意义。本文介绍了钻孔水力采矿的工作原理和工艺过程;讨论了石油喷射钻井射流和钻头的水力参数;探讨了钻孔水力采矿时破碎矿石的孔内射流碎岩器具及其结构参数;提出了有关改进这种技术的方法和手段的几点建议。钻孔水力采矿由于工程效益好、安全系数高和生态环境保护好等优点在国外一直在研究和使用。建议我国加强这方面的研究,以拓宽探矿工程的创新发展和服务空间。     

南极冰钻钻井液应用性试验研究

钻井液的性质及性能参数对于南极科学钻探有着重要的影响。钻井液除了必须要具备合适的粘度和密度,以满足冷却钻头、平衡孔壁压力、携带冰屑、清洁孔底的要求外,钻井液的性质如导电性、导热性及其腐蚀性对于保证钻具的正常工作、输送孔内信息也有着重要的影响。根据目前已经在南极使用的钻井液类型,分别对6种介质（国产硅油-3cst、KF96硅油-2cst、丁酸乙酯、丁酸丁酯、丁酸戊酯、丙酸丙酯）在不同温度下的电导率、导热系数和对密封件的腐蚀性进行了试验测试,选出了适合南极应用的钻井液类型及在钻具中使用的密封件材质,可供极地钻探选择钻井液类型及钻具设计提供重要的参考。