长江干流悬浮物中元素相态组成与环境指示

三峡水库蓄水后长江中下游干流和水库内悬浮物地球化学组成如何变化是一个重要科学问题。相态分析表明,在长江重庆至南通段干流悬浮沉积物中,不同元素在酸不溶相和酸溶相所占比例不同,且存在一定的区域变化,Ca和Mg在酸溶相中比例相当高,而Al、Fe、K、Na等元素主要赋存于酸不溶相中。长江悬浮沉积物元素组成的空间变化特征主要受流域风化物质的来源、风化程度和水动力环境控制。重金属元素组成研究显示,在三峡库区及下游地区由于受人类活动影响,Pb、Zn、Co、Cu等在悬浮沉积物中呈现明显的累积趋势。三峡水库内沉积动力环境的不均一性导致水体中元素组成的垂向变化。     

淮河中游新石器时代遗址出土石器的演变所反映的人地关系——以双墩和尉迟寺遗址为例

本文以淮河中游新石器早期的双墩遗址和中晚期的尉迟寺遗址的出土石器为主线,辅以其他遗存和遗址地层剖面的环境磁学、元素地球化学证据,探讨了石器工具的演变所反映的人地关系。研究表明:双墩古人最主要的生产活动是砍伐树木和狩猎,而尉迟寺则是谷物生产和狩猎。双墩古人使用投掷和其他多种狩猎方式,在猎物充足的全新世大暖期获取了大量的肉食资源。尉迟寺时期狩猎水平虽有所提高,但剧烈波动的气候和迅速增加的人口,使猎获量下降。双墩时期人们砍伐的树木较为细小,木料之间的结合以捆绑为主。而尉迟寺时期人们砍伐的树木比较粗大,木器和房屋已使用卯榫结构。双墩时期已有了水稻种植,但采集农业占有较大比重。尉迟寺时期的农业以种植为主,采集农业为有益的补充,该时期的出土石器和农业类型与环境演变有明显的相关性。     

人文地理学"空间"内涵的演进

空间是人文地理学的核心概念之一,随着人文地理学经历三次变革：“区域差异-空间分析-社会理论”,空间的内涵也随之不断演进。从区域学派到空间分析,传统的空间认识使得人文地理学归属于自然科学范畴。1970年代以来人文地理学萌生了新的空间认识,关注到空间的社会性,具有了更多的社会科学的特质。通过勾勒出人文地理学空间内涵演进的轨迹,提出空间内涵应是自然与社会属性相统一的观点。     

Proximate composition of albacore tuna,Thunnus alalunga,from the temperate South Pacific and Tasman Sea

The proximate composition was determined of the white muscle of albacore tuna, Thunnus alalunga, caught by surface trolling along the Subtropical Convergence Zone east of the South Island of New Zealand ("Area 1"), and to the north and west of the North Island ("Area 2"). Fish from Area 1 were 70 ± 10 cm (mean ± s.d.) in fork length, and higher in oil content (4.6 ± 2.9%), than Area 2 fish which measured 55 ± 10 cm and contained 2.8 ±1.7% oil. The ash content of the white muscle of all fish sampled was 1.2 ± 0.1%, and the soluble carbohydrate content 0.36 ± 0.04%. Crude protein contents were calculated at c. 25%. Statistical relationships between moisture and oil contents of both white and red muscle were determined; they can be used to predict oil content from a known moisture content. Oil content was positively correlated with fork length, and negatively correlated with the sea surface temperature at time of capture. Oil levels in the fillet were highest in the muscle layer immediately below the skin and decreased logarithmically with depth. In fish with low white‐muscle oil content (below 5%), the corresponding red‐muscle oil content was higher; above 6% white muscle oil content the corresponding red‐muscle oil content was lower. The proximate composition of whole fish, the head, frame, skin, and viscera is presented.     

South Africa's coastal-breeding white-breasted cormorants: population trends,breeding season and movements,and diet

White-breasted cormorants Phalacrocorax [carbo] lucidus breed around South Africa's coast and at inland localities. Along the coasts of the Northern, Western and Eastern Cape provinces, numbers breeding were similar during the periods 1977–1981 (1 116 pairs at 41 localities) and 2008–2012 (1 280 pairs at 41 localities). Along the coast of KwaZulu-Natal (not counted in 1977–1981), 197 pairs bred at nine localities in 2008–2012, when the overall number breeding around South Africa's coastline was about 1 477 pairs. Between the two study periods, numbers decreased in the Northern and Western Cape provinces following the loss of several breeding localities, but they increased in the Eastern Cape. In the Western Cape, however, numbers were stable east of Cape Agulhas and at nine well-monitored West Coast localities that were surveyed from 1978 to 2012. White-breasted cormorants breed throughout the year, with breeding at some localities more seasonal than at others and the timing of peaks in breeding varying at and between localities. In the vicinity of Saldanha Bay/Langebaan Lagoon (Western Cape), in Algoa Bay (Eastern Cape) and in northern KwaZulu-Natal, it is likely that birds moved between breeding localities in different years, although breeding often occurred at the same locality over several years. Human disturbance, presence of predators, competition for breeding space and occurrence of breeding by other waterbirds may influence movements between colonies. Securing sufficient good habitat at which white-breasted cormorants may breed will be important for conservation of the species. The species may breed at an age of 4 years, possibly younger. The bulk of their diet around South Africa's coast consists of inshore marine and estuarine fish species that are not intensively exploited by humans.     

公路对湿地的生态效应及其反馈的研究进展

公路建设能够促进经济发展,但是对湿地生态系统造成一定的生态负效应,对公路的湿地生态效应及其反馈理论进行探讨非常具有理论和现实意义.通过压力-状态-响应(P-S-R)模型建立了公路的湿地生态效应及其反馈的概念模型,创建了理论框架;在查阅国内外相关研究成果的基础上进一步分析了公路的湿地生态效应的内涵,包括直接效应、间接效应以及累积效应,直接效应又分为三级效应,并分别阐述了各个效应的内在涵义;分析了湿地生态对公路建设的反馈响应,为指导最大限度地减少公路建设对湿地生态的破坏,建设生态和谐的公路提供理论依据和技术支持.     

Degradation of Monoazo Pigments Red 53:1 and Red 48:2 by Fenton,Photo‐Fenton and UV/Peroxide Reactions

The degradation reactions of two monoazo pigments, namely, Red 53:1 and Red 48:2, by Fenton, photo‐Fenton and UV/H₂O₂ systems have been studied. The efficiencies of the Fenton reactions increased with temperature, but the formation of solid agglomerates was observed when the reactions were carried out above 50°C indicating a coagulant action of Fe⁺² or Fe⁺³. Photo‐Fenton reactions irradiated by sunlight presented the best rate constants for cleavage of the azo bond and the naphthalene rings. The UV/H₂O₂ system exhibited the highest efficiency with respect to the consumption of H₂O₂. The presence of a carbonyl group in the ortho position of the naphthol ring hampered the oxidation of pigment Red 48:2 by hydroxyl radicals. This finding may be explained in terms of the acceptor character of the COOH group, and suggests the formation of a complex containing two six‐membered rings between Fe⁺³ and the pigment molecule.     

Post‐European settlement response gradients of river sensitivity and recovery across the upper Hunter catchment,Australia

Most analyses of river adjustment have focused on parts of catchments where metamorphosis has occurred. This provides a non‐representative view of river responses to human‐disturbance. Although many rivers have been subjected to systematic land‐use change and disturbance, significant variability is evident in the form, extent and consequences of adjustment. This study documents the catchment‐wide distribution of river sensitivity and adjustment in the upper Hunter catchment, New South Wales, Australia in the period since European settlement. The spatial distribution and timing of lateral, vertical and wholesale river adjustments are used to assess river sensitivity to change. The type and pattern of rivers, influenced largely by valley setting, have induced a fragmented pattern of river adjustment in the upper Hunter catchment. Adjustments have been largely non‐uniform and localized, reflecting the predominance of bedrock‐controlled rivers which have limited capacity to adjust and are resilient to change. Less than 20% of river courses have experienced metamorphosis. Phases of reach‐scale geomorphic adjustment to human disturbance are characterized as a gradient of primary, secondary and tertiary responses. In general terms, primary responses such as cutoffs or straightening were followed by secondary responses such as channel expansion. These secondary responses occurred between 50–70 years after initial disturbance. A subsequent tertiary phase of river recovery, denoted as a transition from predominantly erosional to predominantly depositional geomorphic processes such as channel contraction, occurred around 70–120 years after initial disturbance. Such responses are ongoing across much of the upper Hunter catchment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

全球化与全球变化关系研究

全球化是本世纪人类社会发展的最重要特征之一,它不仅促进了产品和服务的流动,而且促进了劳动力、金融、资源及环境生产要素等的流动,技术的发展提高了生产效率和物质要素的可利用性.全球化扩大了人类活动的范围和影响程度,对人类社会、政治、文化、经济等各个方面都产生了影响,从而加深了全球环境变化.全球环境变化已经成为伞球化进程的重要方面,人类对全球环境变化的应对方式直接关系到人类的生存及可持续发展.全球化深化了国际分工,发达国家制造业大量向发展中国家转移,从而导致发展中国家承担了更多的环境污染,造成发展中国家碳排放增长较快.在全球化进程中,中国在享受初级产品大量出口并产生顺差的同时,也把环境污染输入进来,并把大量资源输出去,从而造成中国资源紧张和环境污染.随着中国经济实力的增强,中国的政治、文化等都会在全球产生更大影响,研究全球化进程对中国现代化进程的影响及中国现代化进程对全球化的影响、全球化进程与全球环境变化的关系具有重要的理论和实践意义.     

震时中学应急疏散模型建立的探究

如何有效预防和减少地震及其他突发事件导致的人员伤亡,已成为国内外公共安全工作和研究的重中之重。本文从汶川地震中中学生的伤亡情况、人员疏散状态和疏散时间密切相关的特点出发,阐述了建立中学校园疏散时间模型的必要性。以中学生在面对地震等灾害情况时的心理和行为规律的研究为基础,探究了采用回归分析法建立应急疏散时间与各影响因素之间的回归模型的想法,并且建立人员应急疏散运动时间预测模型的可行性方法。