Estimates of global M_2 internal tide energy fluxes using TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data

TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data from October 1992 to June 2002 are used to calculate the global barotropic M2 tidal currents using long-term tidal harmonic analysis. The tides calculated agree well with ADCP data obtained from the South China Sea (SCS). The maximum tide velocities along the semi-major axis and semi-minor axis can be computed from the tidal ellipse. The global distribution of M2 internal tide vertical energy flux from the sea bottom is calculated based on a linear internal wave generation model. The global vertical energy flux of M2 internal tide is 0.96 TW, with 0.36 TW in the Pacific, 0.31 TW in the Atlantic and 0.29 TW in the Indian Ocean, obtained in this study. The total horizontal energy flux of M2 internal tide radiating into the open ocean from the lateral boundaries is 0.13 TW, with 0.06 TW in the Pacific, 0.04TW in the Atlantic, and 0.03 TW in the Indian Ocean. The result shows that the principal lunar semi-diurnal tide M2 provides enough energy to maintain the large-scale thermohaline circulation of the ocean.     

井筒电加热改善水平井蒸汽吞吐效果机理实验

针对稠油水平井蒸汽吞吐面临入井渗流阻力大、产量水平低、吞吐递减率高、采收率偏低等问题,提出了电加热辅助水平井蒸汽吞吐方法.首先根据水平井蒸汽吞吐过程中的电加热与蒸汽复合传热特征,建立了电加热辅助蒸汽吞吐三个阶段的(注汽阶段、焖井阶段、生产阶段)储层升温解析模型,在此基础上,设计并开展了电加热辅助蒸汽吞吐和常规水平井吞吐...     

埃尔米特插值函数在公路平面线形设计中的应用

三次样条函数在公路平面线形设计中有广泛的应用,但由于没有统一的函数表达式且计算量大,因而在应用上不便。埃尔米特插值函数的特点决定其能很好地逼近被插值函数,且计算过程简便。公路平面线形实例设计表明,三次埃尔米特插值函数用于公路平面线形设计中,能够满足路线设计规范(JTJ011-94)的要求,其设计结果与三次样条函数设计结果接近。本研究建立了公路平面线形设计的埃尔米特插值函数方法,可供公路平面线形设计工作参考。     

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??1999~2001??2001~2004????????????????嶫???GPS?????????вο?????任??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????α??λ?????????????????????????任?ο???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????仯?????????????????????????     

Paleoenvironmental analysis of a middle Wisconsinan biota site, southwestern Virginia, U.S.A.

The Ratcliff Site in southwestern Virginia lies in a small second-order stream valley filled with approximately 3.5 m of organic-rich deposits that contain bones of mammoth, mastodon, deer (or antelope), logs, and plant macrofossils. Radiocarbon analyses indicate the age of the organic-rich sediment ranges from > 44,000 to 29,100 ¹⁴C yr BP, a time period with no fossil remains reported in this region of the Appalachians. Analyses of field observations, textural data, organic carbon content, and plant macrofossils indicate that the organic-rich sediments contain interbedded standing-water and debris-flow deposits. Up to 6 m of oxidized debris-flow sediments bury the organic-rich sediments. The presence of Rubus parviflorus (Thimble Berry) throughout the deposit indicates the site had a boreal environment from > 44,000 to 29,100 ¹⁴C yr BP. Plant macrofossil evidence indicates the uplands had stands of spruce/jack-pine forests while the valley contained ponds and associated wetlands. Three debris flows occurred at the site between approximately 38,000 and 29,000 ¹⁴C yr BP, suggesting a recurrence interval for major storms of approximately 3000 yr, even though the apparent stability of the boreal environment implies a climate not conducive to catastrophic rainstorms. This conflicting combination of features suggests that during the middle Wisconsinan this area experienced generally cool climates, dominated by polar air masses, but was punctuated by relatively brief warm periods marked by incursions of tropical air masses.     

论青藏高原及邻区板片构造的一个新模式

本文首先论述了板块学说提出的过程和存在的一些不足与疑问,特别是该学说将Holmes（1948）的地幔热对流说作为驱使岩石圈板块运动的动力机制.而后又以青藏高原及邻区为例,根据区域地质、蛇绿岩和地质构造研究的成果,特别是地震测深研究的成果,详细地论证了本区不存在有大洋中脊扩张成为大洋盆地的新大洋和大洋板块简单的B型俯冲模式,但存在有海底扩张的陆间海和海洋地壳板片（蛇绿岩构造岩片）的仰冲以及大陆岩石圈板片复杂的A型俯冲新模式.新模式不是以地幔对流运动,而是以扩张分离A型俯冲的大陆岩石圈板片与软流圈之间的水平剪切相对运动机制作为它的躯动力.     

Prime controls on Archaean–Palaeoproterozoic sedimentation: Change over time

Although the principle of uniformitarianism may be applied to the Precambrian sedimentary record as a whole, certain periods of the Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic witnessed a changing pattern of prime influences controlling the depositional systems. This paper examines the major controls on sedimentation systems and environments during the Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic within the broader perspective of Earth evolution. Earth's earliest sedimentary system (4.4?-3.7 Ga) was presumably comprised of deep oceanic realms and probably influenced primarily by bolide impacts, major tsunamis, localized traction and global contour current patterns, and bathymetry. As continental crust began to form, the impact-dominated, tsunami type sedimentation gave way to wider varieties of sedimentary environments, known from the oldest sedimentary records. During early continental crustal evolution (c. 3.7–2.7 Ga), sedimentation was essentially of greenstone-type. Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks were the major components of the greenstone belts, associated with thin carbonates, stromatolitic evaporites, BIF, pelites and quartzites and lesser synorogenic turbidites, conglomerates and sandstones. Volcanism and active tectonism (reflecting dynamic depositional settings during island arc and proto-continental nucleus formation) were the predominant factors influencing sedimentation during this phase of Earth evolution. Transgressions and regressions under the combined influence of tectonics and eustasy are reflected in fining- and coarsening-upwards successions from the proto-cratonic settings; low freeboard enabled the transgression to affect large areas of the proto-cratons. As the earliest, relatively stable craton formed, through a combination of plate tectonic and mantle-thermal processes, continents and supercontinents with the potential for supercontinental cycles started to influence sedimentation strongly. Major controls on Neoarchaean–Palaeoproterozoic sedimentation systems (2.7–1.6 Ga) were provided by a combination of superplume events and plate tectonics. Two global-scale ‘superevents’ at c. 2.7 Ga and c. 2.2–1.8 Ga were accompanied by eustatic rise concomitant with peaks in crustal growth rates, and large epeiric seas developed. The operation of first-order controls leading to development of vast chemical sedimentary platforms in these epeiric seas and concomitant palaeo-atmospheric and palaeo-oceanic evolution combined to provide a second-order control on global sedimentary systems in the Neoarchaean–Palaeoproterozoic period. The supercontinental cycle had become well established by the end of the Palaeoproterozoic, with the existence of large cratons across broad spectrums of palaeolatitude enabling erg development. The entire spectrum of sedimentary systems and environments came into existence by c. 1.8 Ga, prime influences on sedimentation and depositional system possibly remaining essentially uniform thereafter.     

长江三峡GPS处理结果和应变背景场

采用Bernese GPS Software 4.2对长江三峡工程诱发地震监测系统GPS监测网络1998~2003年的6期观测数据进行了处理,结果表明,三峡库区与华南块体的水平相对运动在0~3mm/a(±0.1~±2.0mm/a);蓄水导致的垂直形变区域主要集中在茅坪香溪巴东库段,近岸点垂直沉降的量级在10~35mm左右,最大峰值区域香溪约35mm(±8.6mm),垂直形变沿远离库中心方向迅速衰减。采用贝塞尔双三次样条函数模型拟合该地区的应变率,推算各类水平应变场,结果表明,蓄水前各种应变背景在10^-9/a~10^-10/a量级。作为构造稳定地区,三峡库区近期因蓄水导致大规模形变,从而诱发中强地震的可能性不大。     

西藏西南部拉昂错地幔橄榄岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义

拉昂错蛇绿岩位于西藏西南部雅鲁藏布缝合带(YZSZ)的西段,由地幔橄榄岩和侵入其中的基性岩墙组成.拉昂错地幔橄榄岩普遍发育碎斑结构及熔体注入和交代结构,尖晶石的Cr#值具有较广泛的变化(0.32～0.70),大多数样品富集LREE并伴随HFSE的明显增加,少数亏损LREE,前者部分熔融程度为15%～23%,后者为10%左右,这表明它们并不是地幔单阶段部分熔融的残余物,而是MORB型亏损橄榄岩在俯冲过程中再度部分熔融后熔体与残余地幔相互作用的产物,由于熔体不同程度的混合与交代,形成了各种再饱满程度不同的橄榄岩.对拉昂错地幔橄榄岩岩石学和地球化学特征的研究,为探讨YZSZ蛇绿岩带所代表的特提斯洋盆的形成和演化提供了新的证据.