Deep Space 1 at comet 19P/Borrelly: Magnetic field and plasma observations

On September 22, 2001 the Deep Space 1 spacecraft performed a flyby at comet 19P/Borrelly at a solar distance of 1.36 AU leading the Earth by 74^° in longitude. The spacecraft-comet distance at closest approach was 2171 km. The bow shock had a magnetic compression ratio of 2.5 at a distance of 147 100 km from the nucleus. Deep Space 1 first entered the sheath region essentially from the north polar region. Fluctuations from the cometary ion pickup were present throughout the sheath region and even well upstream of the shock, as expected. The magnetic field pileup region had a peak field strength of 83 nT and was shown to be consistent with a pressure equal to the solar wind ram pressure. The peak field location was offset from the time of closest approach. It is uncertain whether this is a spatial or temporal variation. Draping of magnetic fields around the nucleus was sought, but evidence for this was not apparent in the data. A possible explanation is that the interplanetary solar wind was composed of turbulent short-scale fields, and thus the fields were not symmetric about the point of closest approach. During the flyby phase there were in general few intervals of ACE data where there were large scale Parker spiral fields. With the addition of plasma data, the shock properties are investigated. The characteristics of magnetic draping, pileup and fluctuations are explored. These comet 19P/Borrelly results are contrasted with other cometary flyby results.     

Deformation at Stromboli volcano (Italy) revealed by rock mechanics and structural geology

We approach the reconstruction of the recent structural evolution of Stromboli volcano (Italy) and the analysis of the interplay between tectonics, gravity and volcanic deformation. By tying together structural, lithostratigraphic and rock mechanics data, we establish that since 100 ka BP, the edifice has faulted and jointed mainly along NE-striking planes. Faults mostly dip to the NW with normal displacement. Taking also into account the presence of a NW-trending regional least principal stress and of tectonic earthquake hypocenters inside the cone, we suggest that this fracturing can be related to the transmission of tectonic forces from the basement to the cone. Dyking concentrated along a main NE-trending weakness zone (NEZ) across the volcano summit, resembling a volcanic rift, whose geometry is governed by the tectonic field. In the past 13 ka, Stromboli experienced a reorganisation of the strain field, which was linked with the development of four sector collapses affecting the NW flank, alternating with growth phases. The tectonic strain field interplayed with dyking and fracturing related to unbuttressing along the collapse shoulders. We propose that tectonics control the geometry of dykes inside the cone and that these, in turn, contribute to destabilise the cone flanks.     

基坑土钉支护设计的简单算法研究

土钉支护技术在深基坑开挖和支护中已得到了广泛的应用,但对其工作机制和计算方法的研究尚不完善。目前数值模拟算法较多,但其本构模型准确地选择及相关参数的确定需要进行大量的三轴试验或真三轴试验。基于此,提出3个假设,建立简单的计算模型,并对土钉的工作机制深入研究,得到土钉拉力的“二半支抛物线”分布规律,推导出土钉支护设计的解析算法相关公式。以徐州彭城地下广场深基坑土钉支护工程为例,进行土钉拉力现场测试,对基坑水平位移、沉降进行观测,所测数据验证了文中公式的可靠性,为类似基坑工程的设计和施工提供参考。     

砾石直径和补灌量对砂田西瓜根系分布的影响

采用剖面取样分析方法对砂田西瓜4种补灌量（0 mm,23 mm,4 mm 5和68 mm）和三种粒径（2~5 mm,5~20 mm和20~60 mm）砾石覆盖及不覆盖对照的根系分布进行了研究。结果表明,砂田西瓜有一个发达的根系,根系最长可扩展到1.5 m的深度,但83%以上的根系集中在1 m以上的土层,西瓜田覆盖砾石比对照的根系长度密度增加75%以上。砾石直径20~60 mm的覆盖处理,RLD显著高于2~5 mm直径的处理,降雨量较高的2002年,顶部50 cm土层有更多的根系,降雨量少的年份,下部土层的根系明显增多,但整个土层的总根系长度低于降雨较多的年份。2001年补灌45 mm和68 mm处理的根系长度密度明显高于不补灌的处理,但2002年随补灌量的增加,下部土层根系长度密度减少。降雨少的2001年,补灌增加了西瓜根系的长度密度、蒸散量、产量和水分生产率,而降雨多的2002年,补灌后根系长度密度减少,水分生产率降低。不同直径的砾石覆盖,产量没有显著差别,但由于大粒径砾石覆盖增加了土壤蒸发,虽然根系长度密度增加,但水分生产率降低。结果说明,砾石直径、降雨和补灌量对砂田西瓜的根系分布有明显的影响,用5~20 mm粒径砾石覆盖,并保持适度的水胁迫不仅有利于根系的扩展,而且能提高西瓜的水分利用率。     

一种有效的基坑水平位移监测方法

在论述基坑水平位移常规监测方法基础上,针对目前基坑水平位移监测作业面较小的情况,提出了一种有效的监测方法,并对其监测精度进行了分析,结合具体工程实例说明了此方法的实用性。     

地震灾场的模拟与模拟控制问题研究（Ⅰ）地震灾场模拟

本文将离散事件系统仿真的方法引入到地震工程研究之中．在论述地震灾场模拟与离散事件系统仿真的共性与差异的基础上，以城市地震次生火灾的发生与扑救过程为背景，发展了场、时域复合仿真模型，提出了城市地震灾场的综合模拟算法．实例研究表明，本文建议的地震灾场模拟算法可以揭示复合型工程系统地震反应的一系列特征参数。     

Evaluation of predictors of non‐linear seismic demands using ‘fishbone’ models of SMRF buildings

Predictors (or estimates) of seismic structural demands that are less computationally time‐consuming than non‐linear dynamic analysis can be useful for structural performance assessment and for design. In this paper, we evaluate the bias and precision of predictors that make use of, at most, (i) elastic modal vibration properties of the given structure, (ii) the results of a non‐linear static pushover analysis of the structure, and (iii) elastic and inelastic single‐degree‐of‐freedom time‐history analyses for the specified ground motion record. The main predictor of interest is an extension of first‐mode elastic spectral acceleration that additionally takes into account both the second‐mode contribution to (elastic) structural response and the effects of inelasticity. This predictor is evaluated with respect to non‐linear dynamic analysis results for ‘fishbone’ models of steel moment‐resisting frame (SMRF) buildings. The relatively small number of degrees of freedom for each fishbone model allows us to consider several short‐to‐long period buildings and numerous near‐ and far‐field earthquake ground motions of interest in both Japan and the U.S. Before doing so, though, we verify that estimates of the bias and precision of the predictor obtained using fishbone models are effectively equivalent to those based on typical ‘full‐frame’ models of the same buildings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水平分辨率对DEM流域特征提取的影响

选取石质山地与黄土丘陵过渡区宛川河流域作为研究区,利用1∶5万、水平分辨率10~100 m栅格DEM提取流域特征参数进行分析。结果表明:DEM水平分辨率对数字河网的提取精度有影响,提取的流域面积差别很小,河流长度、河道总长、河道坡度以及河网密度有偏差,流域平均坡度变化明显,长度和坡度特征参数的变化导致流域汇流时间及滞时不一致。     

云县台SQ水平摆与VP垂直摆观测资料对比分析

从数据完整率、年变幅度、形态特征、相关性等角度出发对SQ水平摆与VP垂直摆观测数据进行对比分析。结果表明:2套仪器均有较强的稳定性,数据有较高的完整率。通过对比分析,确定云县台SQ水平摆和VP垂直摆产出的数据正确。从短期资料看,2套仪器均能清晰记录日波、半日波固体潮汐,固体潮观测曲线的相位与理论值相一致。从长期资料看,云县台SQ水平摆产出的数据在长期趋势上与真实地倾斜存在较大差异,VP垂直摆更能真实反映监测区域地倾斜变化特征,利用VP垂直摆替代SQ水平摆进行地倾斜观测可行。     

吉尔吉斯北天山地区地震预报研究成果

吉尔吉斯北天山地震活动区建有两个综合预报实验场,15个高灵敏度地震台,7个地磁台,5个地电台,7个地球化学台,6个水动力台,2个自动地震台以及阿拉—阿尔恰地震地球物理观象台和Ⅰ级大地测量网。此外,这里还有苏联科学院高温研究所所属的地电、地磁和光测距台网。该区地震平静期为19—22±6年,地震活动具有周期性特征。强震震源沿北天山地震活动带迁移。文中还确定了与地震酝育相关的地震活动性、地球物理场、地球化学场、水文地球动力学等一系列参数,描述了一系列强震前兆效应;指出了强震发生时间的综合研究的重要意义。