Similar single-difference model and its algorithm for solving GPS monitoring deformation directly at single epoch

A new similar singledifference mathematical model ( SS-DM) and its corresponding algorithm are advanced to solve the deformation of monitoring point directly in single epoch. The method for building the SSDM is introduced in detail, and the main error sources affecting the accuracy of deformation measurement are analyzed briefly, and the basic algorithm and steps of solving the deformation are discussed. In order to validate the correctness and the accuracy of the similar single-difference model, the test with five dual frequency receivers is carried out on a slideway which moved in plane in Feb. 2001. In the test, five sessions are observed. The numerical results of test data show that the advanced model is correct.     

首都圈及山西断陷带北部地壳垂直形变与地震危险性分析

根据首都圈地区及山西断陷带精密水准复测资料,分析了近十年来地壳垂直形变状态与特征。结果表明,研究区的东北区域表现为整体下降,下降速率约2～4mm／a;但“北升南降”的运动格局基本没有改变。太行山以西至山西断陷带的东侧地区为整体隆升。隆升速率最大近8mm／a。运动的时空分布从“南快北慢”整体上升的特征,逐步转变为“北升南降”的有升有降的特征。西区上述运动性质发生变化是以2001年为分界线,同时在延怀盆地及其附近区域形成了四象限分布的形变图像。但这一图像从规模和量级上都小于大同地震前的变形。山西断陷带北部的运动表现为断陷型的垂直运动,整体呈下降趋势,运动速率为4～6mm／a。上述特征表明监测区未来2～3年内发生6级以上地震的可能性不大。     

水平荷载作用下群桩相互作用的弹塑性数值分析

本文利用三维弹塑性有限元法对水平荷载作用下群桩基础特性进行了分析,讨论了群桩基础水平荷载作用下的承载性状和破坏机理,并探讨了桩距、桩数、桩长、桩径和土质各种因素对群桩效应的影响,指出桩距和桩数是影响群桩效应的主要因素。     

1997年伽师强震群活动的近场定点形变异常特征

对１９９７年伽师强震群前后的近场宁点形变资料和卡尔曼滤波结果的前兆异常进行了分析,结果表明,震前短临异常较为明显。通过密切跟踪,在后续强震的预报中发挥了重要作用。文中还对异常与孕震构造和应力场的关系进行了讨论。     

Modelling peak accelerations from earthquakes

This paper deals with the prediction of peak horizontal accelerations with emphasis on seismic risk and insurance concerns. Non‐linear mixed effects models are used to analyse well‐known earthquake data and the consequences of mis‐specifying assumptions on the error term are quantified. A robust fit of the usual model, using recently developed robust weighted maximum likelihood estimators, is presented. Outlying data are automatically identified and subsequently investigated. A more appropriate model accounting for the extreme value nature of the responses, is also developed and implemented. The implication on acceleration predictions is demonstrated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study of a model for correcting the effects of horizontal advection on surface fluxes measurement based on remote sensing

As well known, the methods of remote sensing and Bowen Ratio for retrieving surface flux are based on energy balance closure; however, in most cases, surface energy observed in experiment is lack of closure. There are two main causes for this: one is from the errors of the observation devices and the differences of their observational scale; the other lies in the effect of horizontal advection on the surface flux measurement. Therefore, it is very important to estimate the effects of horizontal advection quantitatively. Based on the local advection theory and the surface experiment, a model has been proposed for correcting the effect of horizontal advection on surface flux measurement, in which the relationship between the fetch of the measurement and pixel size for remote sensed data was considered. By means of numerical simulations, the sensitivities of the main parameters in the model and the scaling problems of horizontal advection were analyzed. At last, by using the observational data acquired in agricultural field with relatively homogeneous surface, the model was validated.     

Energy approach for earthquake induced slope failure evaluation

Earthquake-induced slope stability is evaluated by the force-equilibrium method in engineering practice. This method provides a safety factor against initiating failure or displacement according to the Newmark model along a fixed slip surface but it cannot evaluate failure deformations after failure occurs. An energy approach is proposed as an alternative means for evaluating slope failures and subsequent flow deformations. The driving energy for slope displacement is considered to be the earthquake energy and the gravitational potential energy. As a first step in the research, an energy balance is formulated for the model of a rigid block resting on an inclined plane. Then, an innovative model test is developed, in which the energy balance in a sliding slope is measured on a shake table. The earthquake energy used for the slope failure can be successfully quantified in the test and its contribution to displacement is discussed in the light of the energy balance established for the block model.     

花岗岩变形实验过程中的矿物变形与组分变异

为探讨应力条件下地质体的变形规律及物质组分对变形的响应,在600℃和600MPa等应变速率条件下对中粒花岗岩进行了变形实验。实验结果显示,花岗岩在实验温压范围内表现出脆-韧性转化的特征,并显现一种共轭扇式的宏观变形结构。对遭受韧性剪切变形的长石、黑云母进行的常量元素变异分析表明,动力变形可造成矿物组分的变异,且这种变异有一定的次序S;i是动力变形中最稳定的组分,SiO2的增加可能是由其他组分的减少造成的,是相对的。     

多股水平淹没射流水力特性的影响因素研究

采用数值模拟和模型试验相结合的方法,分析了水股分层、坎高、出口体型和跌坎形式等因素对多股水平淹没射流的流态稳定性和水力特性的影响。研究表明,多股多层水平淹没射流较单层多股水平淹没射流流态稳定性好、临底流速低、消能率高,是一种高效的新型消能方式。结合试验结果,提出中孔泄槽以等宽或微收缩为宜、表中孔最优坎高差应大于中孔水流的主流水深、跌坎形式的选择应结合具体工程特点等建议。     

锚索抗滑桩与岩土体相互作用研究

就目前锚索抗滑桩的研究现状来看，基本上都是将锚索和抗滑桩分开计算，忽略了锚索与抗滑桩之间存在的相互作用关系。针对这一问题，对锚索-抗滑桩-岩土体相互作用系统的计算方法进行了研究。提出了在锚索抗滑桩设计计算中，除了应考虑锚索的强度外。还应该考虑锚索的伸长量，使其与桩的变形相协调。在此基础上，建立了新的锚索抗滑桩计算理论。本文用该方法进行了工程实例分析，并与其他计算方法所得结果进行了对比。