Taking into account general boundary conditions in upscaling absolute permeability

Upscaling methods that need to solve local problems subject to boundary conditions are addressed in this article. We define a new upscaling method based on optimization problems, which can take into account general boundary conditions applied to local problems. The determination of upscaled permeability leads to minimizing the difference of dissipated energies (or averaged velocity) at fine and large scale. Using optimal control techniques, we obtain an effective computing algorithm that allows us to recover, with classical boundary conditions, the well-known results. The uniqueness issue is tackled for the optimization problems introduced in our approach. We show that the method is stable with respect to G-convergence, a property that establishes a link with homogenization theory, and finally, 2D numerical experiments are presented.     

Numerical Homogenization of Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media

Homogenization has proved its effectiveness as a method of upscaling for linear problems, as they occur in single-phase porous media flow for arbitrary heterogeneous rocks. Here we extend the classical homogenization approach to nonlinear problems by considering incompressible, immiscible two-phase porous media flow. The extensions have been based on the principle of preservation of form, stating that the mathematical form of the fine-scale equations should be preserved as much as possible on the coarse scale. This principle leads to the required extensions, while making the physics underlying homogenization transparent. The method is process-independent in a way that coarse-scale results obtained for a particular reservoir can be used in any simulation, irrespective of the scenario that is simulated. Homogenization is based on steady-state flow equations with periodic boundary conditions for the capillary pressure. The resulting equations are solved numerically by two complementary finite element methods. This makes it possible to assess a posteriori error bounds.     

川西地区有机流体包裹体的特征分析及其地质意义

在对川西地区成岩作用深入研究的基础上,应用激光拉曼探针、显微冷热台和荧光显微分析等技术,对有机流体包裹体的物理相态、化学组成、均一温度和盐度进行了观察和测试。通过对测试结果的对比分析,并结合区域埋藏史研究,将该地区须家河组储层中流体包裹体划分为4个形成期次,并以其为依据,对须家河组的油气运移和演化特征进行了探讨。同时指出了沙溪庙组的高温、高盐度有机包裹体的形成是由于下部流体的跨层涌入所致。     

马里亚纳海槽玄武岩中熔融包裹体的初步研究

对马里亚纳海槽玄武岩科长石和橄榄石斑晶中的熔融包裹体进行了镜下观察和均一化测温实验。镜下观察表明,斑晶中结晶质熔融包裹体和玻璃质熔融包裹体均较发育,具有不同的相态特征和演化程度,反映了岩浆被捕获处不同的地质条件。捕获在橄揽石和斜长石斑晶中的包裹体均一化测温结果分别为1035～1100℃和105C～1145℃,比利用玄武岩全岩化学成分计算的矿物结晶温度结果低100℃左右,反映了斑晶矿物结晶的多期性。根据本次实验结果,结合马里亚纳海槽的构造背景和地质资料,对研究区玄武岩浆的运移过程进行了探讨．     

Micromechanical modeling for rate‐dependent behavior of salt rock under cyclic loading

The dependence of rock behavior on the deformation rate is still not well understood. In salt rock, the fundamental mechanisms that drive the accumulation of irreversible deformation, the reduction of stiffness, and the development of hysteresis during cyclic loading are usually attributed to intracrystalline plasticity and diffusion. We hypothesize that at low pressure and low temperature, the rate‐dependent behavior of salt rock is governed by water‐assisted diffusion along grain boundaries. Accordingly, a chemo‐mechanical homogenization framework is proposed in which the representative elementary volume (REV) is viewed as a homogeneous polycrystalline matrix that contains sliding grain‐boundary cracks. The slip is related to the mass of salt ions that diffuse along the crack surface. The relationship between fluid inclusion‐scale and REV‐scale stresses and strains is established by using the Mori–Tanaka homogenization scheme. It is noted from the model that a lower strain rate and a larger number of sliding cracks enhance stiffness reduction and hysteresis. Thinner sliding cracks (i.e., thinner brine films) promote stiffness reduction and accelerate stress redistributions. The larger the volume fraction of the crack inclusions, the larger the REV deformation and the larger the hysteresis. Results presented in this study shed light on the mechanical behavior of salt rock that is pertinent to the design of geological storage facilities that undergo cyclic unloading, which could help optimize the energy production cycle with low carbon emissions.     

Changes in Wind Speed and Extremes in Beijing during 1960--2008 Based on Homogenized Observations

Daily observations of wind speed at 12 stations in the Greater Beijing Area during 1960–2008 were homogenized using the Multiple Analysis of Series for Homogenization method. The linear trends in the regional mean annual and seasonal (winter, spring, summer and autumn) wind speed series were-0.26,-0.39,-0.30,-0.12 and-0.22 m s-1 (10 yr)-1 , respectively. Winter showed the greatest magnitude in declining wind speed, followed by spring, autumn and summer. The annual and seasonal frequencies of wind speed extremes (days) also decreased, more prominently for winter than for the other seasons. The declining trends in wind speed and extremes were formed mainly by some rapid declines during the 1970s and 1980s. The maximum declining trend in wind speed occurred at Chaoyang (CY), a station within the central business district (CBD) of Beijing with the highest level of urbanization. The declining trends were in general smaller in magnitude away from the city center, except for the winter case in which the maximum declining trend shifted northeastward to rural Miyun (MY). The influence of urbanization on the annual wind speed was estimated to be about-0.05 m s-1 (10 yr)-1 during 1960–2008, accounting for around one fifth of the regional mean declining trend. The annual and seasonal geostrophic wind speeds around Beijing, based on daily mean sea level pressure (MSLP) from the ERA-40 reanalysis dataset, also exhibited decreasing trends, coincident with the results from site observations. A comparative analysis of the MSLP fields between 1966–1975 and 1992–2001 suggested that the influences of both the winter and summer monsoons on Beijing were weaker in the more recent of the two decades. It is suggested that the bulk of wind in Beijing is influenced considerably by urbanization, while changes in strong winds or wind speed extremes are prone to large-scale climate change in the region.     

松辽盆地南部红岗油田青山口组砂岩中片钠铝石的形成温度

主要以松辽盆地南部红岗油田富含片钠铝石砂岩的红143和红146井为研究对象,通过普通薄片鉴定、茜素红-S染色、扫描电镜、能谱分析、显微测温等分析方法,对研究区含片钠铝石砂岩的成岩共生序列,尤其是流体包裹体均一温度进行了详细的研究.红岗油田成岩共生序列为:黏土矿物→石英次生加大边→方解石→片钠铝石→铁白云石→石英愈合微裂...     

实验室合成石盐包裹体的均一温度以及古气候意义

石盐是表生环境下形成蒸发岩系的主要矿物,在形成过程中捕获大量的原生包裹体。通过低温冷冻测温技术,可以得到石盐中原生包裹体的一系列均一温度,如何正确理解这些数据是应用石盐原生包裹体恢复古气候的关键。石盐沉积可以发生在气水界面以及水体底部,其均一温度记录了卤水结晶的温度。Lowenstein et al. (1998) 曾经用水浴法在恒定水温下合成了人工合成石盐,进行原生包裹体的均一温度研究,然而如何用水温来恢复古气温是古环境解释的关键。本次实验通过40℃下(气温,烘箱中蒸发)人工合成石盐,在岩相学观察基础上,对形成于气水界面漏斗晶中的包裹体和在底水沉积人字晶中的包裹体的均一温度进行低温冷冻测温法测定。测温过程中石盐包裹体可以得到一系列均一温度(10.6~39.9℃),而只有最大均一温度才能反映卤水结晶时的温度,两种类型的包裹体也显示了相似的最大均一温度。因此在浅水环境下,两种包裹体都可以用来反映古气温。     

柴达木盆地北缘地区油气储层中流体包裹体特征及成藏期研究

根据流体包裹体的透射光和荧光镜下观察、包裹体均一温度及含油包裹体丰度（GOI）分析,对柴达木盆地北缘（柴北缘）地区南八仙、马北1号构造古近系、新近系油气储层样品中流体包裹体特征及油气成藏期进行了研究。柴北缘地区流体包裹体较为发育,存在盐水溶液包裹体和有机包裹体,主要分布在石英裂隙、次生加大边及胶结物中,但个体一般较小,主要为5～10μm。含油包裹体丰度GOI值较低,绝大多数样品GOI值分布在2．0％～10．5％之间,约40％样品的GOI值超过5％。包裹体均—温度在不同油气储层样品中差异较大,说明这些包裹体可能是在不同时期形成的。依据包裹体均—温度的实测结果,结合沉积埋藏-热演化史的资料,认为柴北缘地区南八仙构造和马北1号构造均经历了两期油气充注成藏,前者油气充注时间为N1-N2^1沉积期、N2^2-N2^3沉积期,后者油气充注时间为N1沉积期、N1末-N2沉积期。