硅同位素标准物质的研制

本文所研制的硅同位素标准物质为：ＧＴＢ１，选用震旦亚界长城系常州沟组石英砂岩中的石英；ＧＴＢ２，选用上海试剂一厂生产的高纯二氧化硅试剂。２个标准物质均按国家计量技术规范统一标准物质〈ＪＪＧ１００６８６〉的规定，用ＳｉＦ４法进行了均匀性检验及定值分析工作。结果表明其硅同位素组成均匀，定值准确，并获得了ＧＴＢ１标准物质的δ３０ＳｉＮＢＳ２８（‰）为－０．０２±０．１０，ＧＴＢ２标准物质的δ３０ＳｉＮＢＳ２８（‰）为－２．６８±０．１０。经两年多的稳定性检查，硅同位素值无变化。     

新疆风区有自记风记录参照站风速的均一化订正

为了较好地开展风能资源的详查与综合评价工作,对新疆风区有自记风记录的4个参照站2min与10min时距的风速统计序列在参考测站“元数据”直接进行迁站前后一致性订正、时次一致性检验与订正、高度一致性订正以及观测、测量系统一致性订正基础上,采用SNTH、POTTER、CUSUM等手段进行了客观的非均一性检验与均一化订正。结果表明：（1）对于达坂城与阿拉山口站而言,EL型感应仪使用期,2min与10min时距年平均风速序列并未因风的观测与记录系统由EN型测风处理仪替代而间断。EN型测风处理仪使用期,10min时距平均风速序列也并未因感应仪的变更而间断。（2）达坂城、哈巴河、托克逊站2min时距统计序列均在1980s年代存在间断现象;（3）阿拉山口、达坂城、哈巴河站2min时距统计序列在2005年观测系统改变前后的间断具有一定不确定性;（4）EL-J电接式自记仪使用期,哈巴河气象站10min时距平均风速统计序列在1992年前后出现了有别于2min时距统计序列的间断现象;（5）阿拉山口、哈巴河、托克逊参照气象站的年平均风速序列经客观均一化订正后,仍然存在显著的减小趋势。     

四川省平均气温序列的均一性检验及其分析

本文应用标准正态检验（SNHT）技术,对四川省161个台站自建站以来～2005年的长序列气温资料进行了一个普查性的检验,发现四川161个台站中有64．6％的台站存在气温资料的不均一现象,盆地内站点的不均一现象略高于高原三州台站,60年代以前和2000年以后不均一的台站比其他年代少;并且结合四川省台站历史沿革资料分析发现,有21．2％的台站的不均一问题是由迁站引起的。进一步以松潘和中江站为例,初步分析了不均一性产生的原因。     

Preliminary Characterisation of New Reference Materials for Microanalysis: Chinese Geological Standard Glasses CGSG‐1, CGSG‐2, CGSG‐4 and CGSG‐5

Four silicate glasses were prepared by the fusion of about 1 kg powder each of a basalt, syenite, soil and andesite to provide reference materials of natural composition for microanalytical work. These glasses are referred to as ‘Chinese Geological Standard Glasses’ (CGSG) ‐1, ‐2, ‐4 and ‐5. Micro and bulk analyses indicated that the glasses are well homogenised with respect to major and trace elements. Some siderophile/chalcophile elements (e.g., Sn, Pt, Pb) may be heterogeneously distributed in CGSG‐5. This paper provides the first analytical data for the CGSG reference glasses using a variety of analytical techniques (wet chemistry, XRF, EPMA, ICP‐AES, ICP‐MS, LA‐ICP‐MS) performed in nine laboratories. Most data agree within uncertainty limits of the analytical techniques used. Discrepancies in the data for some siderophile/chalcophile elements exist, mainly because of possible heterogeneities of these elements in the glasses and/or analytical problems. From the analytical data, preliminary reference and information values for fifty‐five elements were calculated. The analytical uncertainties [2 relative standard error (RSE)] were estimated to be between about 1% and 20%.     

Some aspects of the seismic hazard in Panama City

The definition of earthquake sources in the Panama region on the basis of both tectonics and average seismicity rates, have recently led to the concept of a microplate surrounded by seismically active areas. The effects of these earthquakes on the place where the most important concentration of investments and population is located, the capital city of Panama, are analyzed in this paper using statistical approaches.The parameters of Gumbel's Type-I distribution of extreme values for a continuous interval of 60 yr annual maximum magnitudes were used to make probabilistic estimations of the seismic hazard in Panama City. An earthquake with magnitude 7.5 is capable of producing a modified Mercalli intensity VII in Panama City, provided the source distance is of the order of 100 km. This earthquake has a probability of occurrence of 69% in 50 yr.     

基于GIS的盐城市区域发展时空特征研究

以江苏省盐城市为例,获取了1975年、1990年、2000年、2004年、2006年和2010年6个年份的土地利用分类数据,研究了盐城市区域发展的时空变化。选取LISA指数用于捕捉局部空间聚类特征,探索时段内的发展集群区域;同时利用Getis指数捕捉集群区域内的发展峰值,展示发展冷点地区和热点地区。研究结果表明,发展聚类在空间上呈现散点式分布,分布较为明显,且随时间推移范围逐步扩大;热点分布区仍然呈现以县市中心城区为主的格局,且该时段内逐渐由内陆向沿海发展;冷点区则呈现明显的减少趋势,北部及部分沿海区域正逐步转换为热点区。     

Increasing transmission losses from flood events due to groundwater extraction

This study continues the examination of the influence of groundwater exploitation upon the process of aquifer recharge by flood events. In the course of the developing an earlier hydrological model for the Hazeva Formation aquifer (the Wadi Paran watershed, southern Israel), it became apparent that groundwater extraction influenced absorption capacity of sub‐aquifers and regulated the distribution of percolating surface water between units. The present study lends numerical proof regarding the influence of Hazeva aquifer exploitation upon the regime of runoff and enhancement of transmission losses from flood events in Wadi Paran, and, as a result, upon increased recharge to the aquifer. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of Turkish precipitation data: homogeneity and the Southern Oscillation forcings on frequency distributions

The homogeneity of newly compiled 212 precipitation records in Turkey for the period 1973‐2002 was checked by the Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT) and Pettitt Test. Stations were considered inhomogeneous if at least one of the tests rejects the homogeneity. As a result, 43 out of 212 stations were found to be inhomogeneous. In addition, the previously detected Southern Oscillation (SO)‐related precipitation anomalies by the authors were quantified at each station using the gamma distribution. The observed SO‐related shifts in the median precipitation amounts expressed as gamma percentiles may be considered as a typical SO response of that station. The results of this study confirm the wet responses of Turkish precipitations to El Nino events, whereas those for La Nina events seem to be masked by sampling variations within the study period. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Three Factor+C模型改进的地形辐射校正方法

地形辐射校正(简称"地形校正")是复杂地形遥感定量化研究的关键环节之一。针对传统的经验地形校正模型存在的不同坡度采用同一校正系数的缺陷,基于简化的Three Factor+C模型,借鉴改进型Minnaert模型中坡度分级的思想,提出了基于Three Factor+C+坡度的地形校正方法。结果表明,使用Three Factor+C+坡度模型进行地形校正后的遥感图像,其均值、标准差、像元值与光照系数的相关性、阴阳坡光谱辐亮度值、离散指数和同质系数等6个指标均优于参与比较的C模型、SCS模型、Three Factor模型和Three Factor+C模型的对应指标。Three Factor+C+坡度模型有比较完善的物理机制,并较好地消除地形对光谱辐亮度的影响,值得推广。     

Identification of homogeneous regional classes for flood frequency analysis in the light of regional taxonomy / Identification de classes régionales homogènes pour l'analyse fréquentielle des crues à la lumière d'une taxinomie régionale

Abstract

The paper analyses delineation of hydrological regional classes in the light of regional taxonomy. A brief review of terminological and methodological aspects of regional taxonomy is outlined. The analysis of identification of hydrological regional classes from the point of view of the definition of the basic spatial unit, formulation of the regional taxonomic problem and evaluation of the hydrological response of the physical regional classes is then followed. A more detailed delineation of physical regional classes and a marked separation concerning their hydrological response are achieved if the basic spatial unit is defined as a small basin. Formulation of a hydrological regionalization or regional typification by means of problems defined in regional taxonomy can remove ambiguous and inconsistent features in identifying regional classes. The physical regional classes formed for the purpose of regional flood frequency analysis are considered as regional also from the hydrological point of view only if they satisfy both conditions of intra-class similarity and of inter-class dissimilarity regarding the hydrological attributes.