Regulation of sand transport in the Colorado River by changes in the surface grain size of eddy sandbars over multi-year timescales

In settings where the transport of sand is partially or fully supply limited, changes in the upstream supply of sand are coupled to changes in the grain size of sand on the bed. In this manner, the transport of sand under the supply-limited case is ‘grain-size regulated’. Since the closure of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, the downstream reach of the Colorado River in Marble and Grand Canyons has exhibited evidence of sand-supply limitation. Sand transport in the river is now approximately equally regulated by changes in the discharge of water and changes in the grain sizes of sand on the channel bed and eddy sandbars. Previous work has shown that changes in the grain size of sand on the bed of the channel (driven by changes in the upstream supply of sand owing to both tributary floods and high dam releases) are important in regulating sand transport over timescales of days to months. In this study, suspended-sand data are analysed in conjunction with bed grain-size data to determine whether changes in the grain size of sand on the bed of the channel or changes in the grain size of sand on the surface of eddy sandbars have been more important in regulating sand transport in the post-dam Colorado River over longer, multi-year timescales. The results of this study show that this combined theory- and field-based approach can be used to deduce which environments in a complicated setting are the most important environments for regulating sediment transport. In the case of the regulated Colorado River in Marble and Upper Grand Canyons, suspended-sand transport has been regulated mostly by changes in the surface grain size of eddy sandbars.     

三峡永久船闸衬砌墙分水平缝对结构及结构锚杆受力影响研究

采用考虑三维接触非线性的结构温度徐变仿真计算方法, 针对三峡永久船闸 (全衬式和混合式)闸室墙整体和分缝两种结构形式进行了计算分析, 研究表明:闸室墙分水平缝可以有效地降低全衬式和混合式结构混凝土铅直向拉应力, 但使最大锚杆拉应力值和平均锚杆拉应力值增加, 分布的离散性增大, 在横缝和纵缝交点附近出现锚杆拉应力集中现象。     

Formation of stationary alternate bars in a steep channel with mixed-size sediment: A flume experiment

Alternate bars were formed by sediment transport in a flume with Froude-modelled flow and relative roughness characteristic of gravel-boulder channels with steep slopes. The flume (0.3 m wide × 7.5 m long) was filled with a sand-gravel mixture, which was also fed into the top of the flume at a constant rate under constant discharge. Channel slope was set at 0.03. Initially, coarse particles accumulated on incipient bar heads near one side of the flume and diverted flow and bedload transport across the flume toward a pool scoured against the opposite flume wall downstream. Sorting in the pool directed coarse particles onto the next bar head downstream. Alternate sequences of pools and coarse bar heads were thereby linked down the entire flume by interactions of sediment sorting, flow, and channel morphology. During episodes of bar construction, unsorted bedload invaded interior bar surfaces and was deposited. Persistent deposition of coarse particles on bar heads prevented downstream migration of bars by inhibiting bar-head erosion and bedload transport over bars. Likely factors leading to bar-head stabilization in modelled gravel-bed channels are coarse mixed-size sediment, steep channel gradients, and shallow depths.     

香港海湾沙坝发育过程中的风沙作用

海湾沙坝是香港海岸一种主要的沉积地貌，以大屿山岛贝澳湾的沙坝最为典型。关于贝澳湾古（内）沙坝的成因曾有过较多的争论，但各种成因假说都缺乏有力的证据支持。本文分析了湾内沉积物特征和沉积过程与海平面变化的关系，揭示了风沙在海湾沙坝发育过程中所起的作用。古（内）沙坝的沉积成分随着内沙坝向上加积贝壳含量急剧减少，其上部沉积成分已明显不同于外沙坝和现代海滩，而与其前后的干泻湖上部相似，显示了沉积过程中沉积物来源的变化。内沙坝的沉积物粒径向上变细，分选向上变好，而粒径最小处不在沙坝的最上部，则是在贝壳含量开始向上减少的高度，表明沉积动力随着沉积来源的变化而改变。电镜扫描也显示内沙坝上部的部分颗粒不是来自海滩，具有磨圆差、缺乏水下撞击痕迹以及上翻解理与贝壳状断口共存的特征。内外沙坝下部海滩岩的高度、位置与年代还表明内外沙坝间的沉积高度与海平面变化无关。研究表明：香港海湾沙坝发育过程向上加积的动力由原来的海动力变为风动力；随岸线向海推进内沙坝的沉积物来源由来自海滩物质变为同时来自海滩物质及干泻湖上层物质，只有风才能堆积这些物质；内外沙坝间的沉积高度差只是风积高度不同的结果，与海平面变化无关；海湾内风沙作用并不显著。     

三峡水库蓄水后荆江洲滩变化特征

目前对三峡水库蓄水后荆江河段的洲滩演变还缺乏完整认识。基于三峡水库蓄水前后枯水期遥感影像,分析了荆江洲滩的冲淤变化与分布及形态演变。结果表明,蓄水后荆江洲滩总面积持续冲刷减小,累计冲刷4.56 km²,大部分发生在蓄水后前6年（冲刷速率0.55 km²/a）。上、下荆江洲滩的冲淤演变存在差异性。上荆江洲滩总面积一直处于冲刷萎缩中,且其强度明显大于下荆江,累计冲刷6.46 km²;下荆江前期（2002-2009年）冲刷、后期（2009-2015年）淤增,累计淤1.90 km²。在冲淤分布上,上荆江凸岸滩持续冲刷萎缩,凹岸滩前期冲刷、后期略有淤增,心滩（洲）前期淤积增长而后期冲刷萎缩;下荆江主要是凸岸滩冲刷,凹岸滩和心滩（洲）有所发展。根据滩体位置活动和冲淤动态性,荆江心滩（洲）演变被划分为8种典型类型。在形态演变上,上荆江以凸岸突出滩体和边滩发育的凹岸滩冲刷显著,形态变化不大。下荆江凸岸滩上游弯侧冲蚀后退、湾顶退缩、下游弯侧淤积伸长,形态趋向低弯扁平化,在高弯曲特定河湾平面形态格局下凸岸冲刷—淤积过程延伸到相邻河湾凹岸,成为下荆江凹岸滩和心滩淤积发展的重要因素,但淤积一般不越过凹岸湾顶。     

The morphology and evolution of tidal sand bodies in the macrotidal Gulf of Khambhat,western India

Tidal sand bars and tidal sand ridges are extensively developed in the macrotidal Gulf of Khambhat, offshore western India. The inner and outer regions of the gulf are characterised by the development distinct tidal sand bodies with discrete geometries and dimensions. The outer gulf ridges are long, narrow, curvilinear and several metres high (∼20 m). They are asymmetric in cross-section and migratory in nature, forming ‘ribbon’ like sand bodies separated by tidal channels. Active dunes on these ridges indicate the presence of sand and their orientation parallel to palaeo-shorelines supports a tidal origin. In contrast to the outer gulf tidal sand ridges, sand bars associated with macrotidal estuaries flanking the Gulf of Khambhat typically have an elongate to diamond shape and are only hundreds of metres in width and a few kilometres length. These tidal sand bars occur in the estuary mouths and within the tidally influenced fluvial reaches of the rivers flowing into the gulf. The height of these sand bars is in the range ∼1–3 m. Due to high tidal ranges and bi-directional flow the sand bars do not develop significant height and are formed between the mutually evasive ebb and flow channels. Their bi-directional foresets and the presence of abundant mud drapes associated with the dunes within in-channel sand bars indicate a tidal origin.The Gulf of Khambhat acquired the present configuration in the last few thousand years since the Pleistocene sea-level lowstand (last glacial maximum, ∼18 ka) when the entire continental shelf was subaerially exposed and rivers down-cut into the coastal plain. With increasing sea-level rise, the exposed shelf was drowned, flooding parts of the Modern western Indian peninsula, and large tidal sand ridges formed in the outer gulf. After the fall of sea-level at 2 ka the gulf acquired the Modern configuration with multiple estuaries on both coastlines, rivers supplied the embayment with sandy sediment, and tidal sand bars formed in the Modern estuaries.Quantitative data gathered from the Modern Gulf of Khambhat indicates that for the P50 case, a vertical drill hole will encounter tidal sand bodies (ridges and bars combined) of approximate dimensions 1700 m long, 470 m wide and 1.5 m high, with a spacing of 400 m. In subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs, where data is sparse and only limited amount of core is available, this quantitative dataset can be useful to constrain subsurface geocellular models. Also, the overall geometry, distribution and aspect ratio of the tidal sand ridges and tidal sand bars can be used to identify ancient counterparts through seismic geomorphology or in core.     

工程锚杆注浆质量无损检测技术研究与应用

采用应力波一维波动理论,对清江水布垭工地21根模型锚杆和74根工程锚杆进行了测试与研究,初步形成了工程锚杆无损检测方法,建立了波形特征与锚杆注浆密实度之间的关系,并从锚杆的有效锚固长度、注浆密实度及缺陷大小和位置三个方面评价锚杆的施工质量,确定了该工程锚杆无损检测验收标准。     

型钢高强混凝土柱抗震性能的试验研究

通过14根型钢高强混凝土柱的低周反复加载试验，得到了型钢高强混凝土柱在压、弯、剪共同作用下的主要破坏形态，并探讨了剪跨比、配箍率、混凝土强度对型钢高强混凝土柱滞回曲线、耗能能力以及延性的影响。试验结果表明，型钢高强混凝土柱具有抵御二次地震作用的能力，其抗震性能优于钢筋混凝土柱。     

Effect of advective and diffusive sediment transport on the formation of local and global bottom patterns in tidal embayments

Bathymetric field data of tidal basins reveal two main classes of bottom patterns: (1) tidal bars, located near the entrance of the basin (length scale determined by the embayment width) and (2) global channel-shoal patterns which scale with the basin length. Previous models were able to describe only either one of these patterns. In this paper it is shown that both of them can be investigated within the framework of an idealised model of a rectangular tidal embayment, with fixed side walls and an erodible bed. The water motion is described by the depth-averaged shallow-water equations and is forced by a prescribed vertical tide at the seaward entrance. Sediment is transported as suspended load and only realistic values of the bottom friction parameter are considered. By assuming the ratio of embayment length over tidal wave length to be small, the model allows for a morphodynamic equilibrium, characterised by a spatially uniform tide moving over a bottom which slopes upwards toward the landward boundary. This equilibrium is unstable for a range of values of the model parameters, such that growth of bedforms occurs. Both global and local bottom patterns are found. In this study particular emphasis is laid on the mechanism governing the growth of a new type of localised bottom pattern. These patterns consist of small bars located near the entrance of the basin, resembling multiple row bars, and are found when advective sediment fluxes prevail over diffusive sediment fluxes. The formation process of these new bedforms is discussed in detail. The results agree well with field data. Comparison of the results with those obtained with a process-based, numerical model shows that, although the idealised model is strongly simplified, it is capable of producing the essential morphodynamics. Therefore, the idealised model is a useful tool to investigate mechanisms of bottom pattern growth.Responsible Editor: Iris Grabemann     

Morphodynamik am Mehrerauer Seeufer (Bodensee)

The shore west of the town Bregenz situated at Lake Constance (Mehrerauer Seeufer) offers habitats for relictic floristic elements, such as the Lake Constance forget-me-not (Myosotis rehsteineri, Wartm.). During the last decades, several-meter-high gravely bars developed at the beach, and moved into landward direction. Sedimentological investigations were carried out in the littoral region, at the beach, and in the periodically flooded lagoons, in order to display the reasons for the sediments movements. Regular surveys of the bars exhibited them to move episodically. The translocation probably occurred at high water stages, especially during storm events. Extended well sorted, gravely beds were classified as tempestites, whereas poorly sorted, coarse gravely plasters seaward of the bars were characteristic of long-term erosion of fines. One reason for the observed morphodynamical processes probably were deep hollows in the littoral region, which had been the results of sand and gravel mining: Storm waves were moving towards the beach with low friction, and therefore were barely decelerated. In addition, the artificial progradation of the mouth of the River Bregenzer Aach, and the deepening of its riverbed evoked a reduction in inputs of fine particulate matter from the River Bregenzer Aach, which in turn caused a decrease in substitution of losses of the fine-grained binding agent due to erosion. The morphodynamics at the shore of Mehrerau are based on an interaction between anthropogenic reasons and natural storm events.