中国西北极端降水事件年内非均匀性特征分析

 基于中国西北五省（区）1960—2004年112个台站逐日降水资料,根据百分位值方法定义了不同台站的极端降水阈值,引入了表征时间分配特征的新参数——极端降水事件集中度和集中期,对中国西北极端降水事件的年内非均匀性特征进行了分析,结果表明：西北年极端降水事件集中度及集中期的平均和异常空间分布都存在很大的区域差异,并且其异常空间分布均可分为6个关键区;而从时间演变来看,各个关键区年极端降水事件的集中度与集中期均表现出了显著的年代际振荡特征,但各分区年代际变化特征并不一致;另外西北东、西部年极端降水事件集中度与集中期表现出反向的变化趋势。     

Combined zircon and cassiterite U–Pb dating of the Piaotang granite-related tungsten–tin deposit,southern Jiangxi tungsten district,China

The large low-grade Piaotang W–Sn deposit in the southern Jiangxi tungsten district of the eastern Nanling Range, South China, is related to a hidden granite pluton of Jurassic age. The magmatic-hydrothermal system displays a zonation from an inner greisen zone to quartz veins and to peripheral veinlets/stringers (Five-floor zonation model). Most mineralization is in quartz veins with wolframite > cassiterite. The hidden granite pluton in underground exposures comprises three intrusive units, i.e. biotite granite, two-mica granite and muscovite granite. The latter unit is spatially associated with the W–Sn deposit.Combined LA-MC-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of igneous zircon and LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of hydrothermal cassiterite are used to constrain the timing of granitic magmatism and hydrothermal mineralization. Zircon from the three granite units has a weighted average ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 159.8 ± 0.3 Ma (2 σ, MSWD = 0.3). The cathodoluminescence (CL) textures indicate that some of the cassiterite crystals from the wolframite-cassiterite quartz vein system have growth zonations, i.e. zone I in the core and zone II in the rim. Dating on cassiterite (zone II) yields a weighted average ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 159.5 ± 1.5 Ma (2 σ, MSWD = 0.4), i.e. the magmatic and hydrothermal systems are synchronous. This confirms the classical model of granite-related tin–tungsten mineralization, and is against the view of a broader time gap of >6 Myr between granite magmatism and W–Sn mineralization which has been previously proposed for the southern Jiangxi tungsten district. The elevated trace element concentrations of Zr, U, Nb, Ta, W and Ti suggest that cassiterite (zone II) formed in a high-temperature quartz vein system related to the Piaotang granite pluton.     

典型的太阳质子事件峰值流量的一种预报方法

分析了1988~2006年中62个典型的太阳质子事件,发现其归一化后峰值流量变化具有很好的统计规律,根据该规律提出了一种对太阳质子事件峰值流量进行预报的方法.试验预报结果表明,太阳质子事件峰值流量的预报值和实测值都在同一个量级以内,平均相对误差为32％,预报误差在可接受范围内.本文方法对于日常预报业务而言是实用和可行的.     

西南天山隆起时代的河床砂岩屑磷灰石裂变径迹证据

现代的天山山脉是在古生代造山基础上,于新生代强烈抬升而形成.其新生代造山和隆升过程,造就了现今的天山地貌格局.本文选取西南天山作为研究区域,采用河床砂岩屑裂变径迹测年分析,从统计角度限定西南天山的隆升-剥露过程.样品采集于特克斯河支流阿克雅孜河、夏特河、木扎河以及特克斯河干流的沉积河床.磷灰石裂变径迹测试和统计分析表明,存在代表源区热史演化不同阶段的年龄峰值.尽管不同样品的年龄众数分布有少许差别,颗粒年龄众数的去褶积分析获得了西南天山山体新生代冷却的三个基本一致的阶段：6~8 Ma,12~19 Ma以及32~40 Ma.结合山脉隆起的地质地貌模型,无论是整体抬升或掀斜抬升,以及压扭性背景的花状挤出抬升,根据磷灰石裂变径迹封闭温度推断的抬升量与现今天山高度基本相当的事实,都可以确认西南天山山体是6~8 Ma以来形成的.天山这三期快速抬升冷却事件与青藏高原及其周边的主要隆升时期有较好的对应,证明了天山隆升和印度-欧亚板块碰撞远程效应的关系.另外,6~8 Ma的冷却事件与沉积地层学研究揭示的6 Ma左右的气候显著变化相互印证,显示了研究区域山脉隆升和气候变化之间存在的密切关系.     

气候变化与清代华北平原动乱事件关系分析

以《清实录》为历史数据源,以事件频次（县次/年）为代用指标,重建清代（1644—1911年）华北平原动乱事件序列。结果表明：世纪/年代尺度上的冷期或降温阶段的动乱频次高于暖期或升温阶段;干旱事件对动乱的触发作用比洪涝明显,干旱指数与动乱频次显著正相关,19世纪3次大规模农民起义均发生在极端旱灾背景下。上述对应关系在不同时间尺度上的显著程度有所不同,较短时间尺度（年代/年）上的规律在清代早期不明显,从18世纪末开始,随着人-地矛盾的激化逐渐明显,其程度随时间推移而加强。     

Discussion on several important problems in earthquake-related electromagnetic disturbance monitoring in China

Earthquake-related electromagnetic observation aims at finding abnormal electromagnetic variation associated with earthquake possibly. The existing studies have proved that this method is, to a large extent, effective in short-term and impending earthquake predication. This paper summarizes progress and discusses some related problems in this field. Some requirements for observation system have been proposed to improve monitoring level. As a case observation using the reformed observation system in Jinghai seismologic station, Tianjin, some results are given.     

WRF-chem sensitivity to vertical resolution during a saharan dust event

The Saharan dust event that occurred between the 22nd and 30th of June 2012 influenced the atmospheric radiative properties over North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, the Western Mediterranean basin, extending its effects to France and Southern England. This event is well documented in satellite imagery, as well as on the air quality stations over the Iberian Peninsula and the AERONET NASA network. In order to assess the effect of the model vertical resolution on the extinction coefficient fields, as a proxy to the particulate matter concentrations in the atmosphere, the WRF-Chem model was applied during this period over a mother domain with a resolution of 18 km, covering Europe and North Africa. To this end five model setups differing in the number of vertical levels were tested. Model skills were evaluated by comparing the model results with CALIPSO and EARLINET LIDAR data. Results show that the model is able to simulate the higher level aerosol transport but it is susceptible to the vertical resolution used. This is due to the thickness of the transport layers which is, eventually, thinner than the vertical resolution of the model. When comparing model results to the observed vertical profiles, it becomes evident that the broad features of the extinction coefficient profile are generally reproduced in all model configurations, but finer details are captured only by the higher resolution simulations.     

表层岩溶带土壤温度和体积含水率对夏季暴雨事件的响应

为揭示表层岩溶带土壤温度和体积含水率对暴雨事件的响应机制,利用HOBO土壤温度和体积含水率监测仪,连续监测2014年7-8月20 cm和70 cm土壤温度与体积含水率。结果表明:研究区域20 cm土壤温度呈日变化,这种日变化格局主要受到大气温度日变化的影响,70 cm土壤温度总体上呈上升趋势,主要受到夏季大气环流使气温升高的影响。夏季暴雨事件降低了20 cm深度的土壤温度、增加其土壤体积含水率,并且导致70 cm处土壤温度先增高后降低、土壤体积含水率升高。土壤体积含水率较低情况下,暴雨事件使得浅层较高温度土壤水快速向下移动引起升温,而后土壤体积含水率到达一定阈值后,便能够快速响应降水事件。研究表明,岩溶地区不同深度土壤温度和体积含水率受到夏季降水事件的影响存在差异。浅层土壤能够快速的响应暴雨事件,深层土壤温度和体积含水率对暴雨事件的响应不仅受到降水量阈值的影响,而且也受到表层土壤温度和体积含水率的制约。      

沉积学研究热点与进展:第32届国际沉积学会议综述*

第32届国际沉积学会议(32nd IAS Meeting of Sedimentology)于2016年5月23—25日在摩洛哥马拉喀什召开, 来自43个国家和地区的360余名学者参加了本次会议。综述研究表明, 会议研究热点为陆相沉积环境、浅水沉积与滨岸潮汐、深水沉积与事件沉积、碳酸盐与化学岩沉积、沉积过程与盆地分析、成岩作用与油气储集层等研究领域。会议主要研究进展表现为: 波浪再悬浮作用(wave resuspension)与异重流(hyperpycnal flows)是陆架边缘斜坡快速进积的主要因素;海啸发生周期为14~35, ka, 后积层理(backset-bedding)为海啸沉积识别标志;海底滑坡多由海底地震、天然气水合物泄露等触发, 其块状搬运沉积物(MTD)包括滑塌头部、滑动底面、滑塌主体以及滑塌后期浊流沉积;玄武岩等基岩的风化作用提供硅与富镁碱性水, 有利于菱沸石与白云石的形成;受构造作用影响, 隆起剥蚀区与沉积区可互为转化;物源性质、供给量及搬运或分散过程控制了沉积面貌(源汇系统);构造活动直接控制可容纳空间变化、地貌变化、源区剥蚀速率、沉积物供应速率等。最后, 本文对比了中外沉积学发展差异, 讨论了中国沉积学发展方向。     

山东郯城麦坡中更新世地震事件记录*

山东郯城麦坡被命名为典型地震活动断层遗址,其最醒目的标志是郯庐断裂带主干断层(F₂)东盘的紫灰色下白垩统逆冲到断层西盘的红棕色第四系之上且界线截然。野外调查和试验分析表明,郯城麦坡第四系于泉组中发育液化砂涌管、液化砂脉、震裂缝充填构造和同沉积断层等地震引发的软沉积物变形构造——地震事件记录。根据软沉积物变形构造的砂质黏土光释光测年分析,推断这些软沉积物变形构造所记录的地震事件属郯庐断裂带主干断层F₂在中更新世晚期发生的强构造与地震活动。这些地震事件记录为研究郯庐断裂带新构造运动与地震活动提供了新资料,也丰富了该地震活动断层遗址的内涵。