陕西省２００９年气候影响评

从近8年的20多例为地方政府气象决策保障服务中选择一例具有特殊性、代表性的气象决策保障服务一航空拍摄,做一较细致分析,得出一些体会和经验是：充分利用现代化设备,仔细分析,大胆服务,树立形象,扩大影响,提高声誉。     

双亮度差方法测量白天气象能见度时的误差分析

对数字摄像能见度观测系统采用双亮度差方法测量白天气象能见度时非标准观测条件引起的误差进行理论分析, 并给出了相应的误差控制措施。结果表明:对于正南、正北方地平线附近天空亮度的分布, 除了天空布满均匀云层和晴天的中午较为均匀以外, 其他时刻垂直相对梯度都较大, 通常在4%/°～10%/°范围内, 而水平相对梯度大多较小, 低于2%/°;不同组的目标-背景视线方向不一致是不容忽视的一个误差源, 为了限制和最大程度地减小其不利影响, 最好选择具有相同视线仰角的目标物和天空背景, 且视线方位角的差异越小越好;可对目标物两侧的天空背景的亮度进行测量, 内插获得与目标物视线方向一致的天空背景的亮度;视线方向上气柱照明不均匀会导致测量误差且人工无法调控, 应尽量选择下垫面特性较为均匀的观测场地, 通过多次采样平均在一定程度上能够减小其影响, 也可实时监测视野范围内场地和天空的亮度分布, 识别较差的照明状况以免获得误差较大的观测记录;利用树木、草丛、山体、墙壁和窗户等暗目标物难以满足双亮度差方法对观测条件的要求, 最好采用反射率足够低的人工实用黑体目标物。     

Geometric calculation of view factors for stream surface radiation modelling in the presence of riparian forest

Many efforts to model stream temperature by using an energy budget approach have not accounted for view factors in modelling stream surface radiative exchanges, used informal approaches for computing them, or relied on calibration, which is not applicable for prediction at unmonitored sites or for predicting the effects of changes in riparian vegetation. In this paper, equations are derived for calculating view factors on the basis of geometric considerations for streams with and without riparian forest. The solutions can accommodate vegetation overhanging the stream surface. Example calculations illustrate the substantial variability of view factors across the stream width, which has implications for the estimation of view factors from point‐scale radiation measurements over the stream surface, and the important influence of overhanging vegetation on view factors for narrow streams. View factors computed from the geometric model agreed well with view factors computed from hemispherical photography for streams ranging from 1 to almost 50 m wide, indicating that the model appears to be reasonably robust to deviations from the simplified geometry assumed by the model. In addition to their use in modelling stream surface energy exchanges, the solutions could also be adapted for application to energy balance and microclimate modelling in linear forest openings, such as seismic lines used in oil and gas exploration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Photogrammetric monitoring of small streams under a riparian forest canopy

The recent advent of digital photogrammetry has enabled the modeling and monitoring of river beds at relatively high spatial resolution (0·01 to 1 m) through the extraction of digital elevation models (DEMs). The traditional approach to image capture has been to mount a metric camera to an aircraft, although non‐metric cameras have been mounted to a variety of novel aerial platforms to acquire river‐based imagery (e.g. helicopters, radio‐controlled motorized vehicles, tethered blimps and balloons). However, most of these techniques are designed to acquire imagery at flying heights above the riparian tree canopy. In relatively narrow channels (e.g. <20 m bankfull width), streamside trees can obscure the channel and limit continuous photogrammetric data acquisition of both the channel bed and banks, while still providing useful information regarding the riparian canopy and even spot elevations of the channel. This paper presents a technique for the capture and analysis of close‐range photogrammetric data acquired from a vertically mounted non‐metric camera suspended 10 m above the channel bed by a unipod. The camera is positioned under the riparian forest canopy so that the channel bed can be imaged without obstruction. The system is portable and permits relatively rapid image acquisition over rough terrain and in dense forest. The platform was used to generate DEMs with a nominal ground resolution of 0·03 m. DEMs generated from this platform required post‐possessing to either adjust or eliminate erroneous cells introduced by the extraction process, overhanging branches, and by the effects of refraction at the air–water interface for submerged portions of the channel bed. The vertical precision in the post‐processed surface generally ranged from ± 0·01 to 0·1 m depending on the quality of triangulation and the characteristics of the surface being imaged. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

无人机倾斜摄影技术在地震烈度评估中的应用——以九寨沟7.0级地震为例

以九寨沟7.0级地震为例,通过阐述无人机倾斜摄影技术的相关原理,说明该技术在地震烈度评估中的应用价值。结果表明,使用无人机倾斜摄影技术不仅能够直观地、全方位地展示震害信息,同时,还能对裂缝、滑坡等几何信息进行量测,为烈度评估等提供更加精确的信息。     

倾斜摄影技术在云南鲁甸地震现场的应用研究

本文首先介绍了利用六旋翼无人机倾斜摄影系统和动力三角翼倾斜摄影系统在云南鲁甸地震现场开展倾斜摄影数据采集、三维建模的相关工作,利用建立的三维模型,分别对灾区房屋震害、滑坡、滚石、堰塞湖地震地质灾害进行了系统的分析研究。相关研究表明:倾斜摄影技术可以表现地震灾害场景和具体灾害特征,对遥感在地震灾情精细化分析及了解灾区建筑物的布局、破坏程度和恢复重建建筑现状方面具有重要的意义。该项工作是地震领域初次利用倾斜摄影技术开展的相关研究,对于进一步深入研究倾斜摄影新技术在地震灾害领域和其他相关领域的工作具有很好的借鉴作用。     

构架航线在测制大比例尺地形图中的应用

通过在航空摄影的过程中增加垂直于基本航线的构架航线,在航摄区域的四角布设4个定向点,航线中间最弱处布设若干检查点,完成了GPS辅助空三,并最终进行航测内业成图;通过外业实地采集若干平面和高程检查点对地形图进行精度检查,验证了方法的可行性,具有较高的推广应用价值。     

ADS40相机用于海岛(礁)大比例尺成图的试验

本文利用ADS40相机进行航空摄影,对海岛(礁)区域1∶2000比例尺成图精度进行了分析,比较了差分GPS与精密单点定位技术应用于ADS40航摄的精度。试验结果表明,ADS40相机可满足海岛(礁)大比例尺成图航摄的精度要求,缩短成图周期,精密单点定位技术的平面精度与差分GPS方法相当,高程精度较差,从工程角度考虑,海岛(礁)大比例尺成图时架设地面GPS基站比较稳妥。     

基于PixelGrid的困难区域无人机影像加密方法研究

随着无人机技术的快速发展,无人机航摄的应用范围也越来越广泛.本文基于PixelGrid软件对无人机影像空三加密流程进行了简单介绍,对生产中出现的问题进行归纳和总结,并提出行之有效的解决方法,利用PixelGrid软件完成了困难区域的无人机空三加密任务,确保了测绘项目的顺利进行,为以后的测绘项目生产提供作业思路,积累了宝...     

无人机倾斜摄影测量土方量测算及精度评价

本文以广西兴安某测区为研究区,借助无人机和GNSS RTK分别获取1031张倾斜影像和3361个地面离散点,采用ContextCapture软件构建测区三维模型,利用EPS提取的测区三维模型高程点和GNSS RTK实测离散点分别进行DTM土方量计算。假定实测离散点的计算结果为真值,结果表明,无人机土方量测算结果与真值之差为1 050.9 m³,误差比例为0.9%。无人机倾斜摄影测量技术可快速、低成本、高质量地完成测区土方量测算,为工程项目提供精确的结果和科学的数据支撑。