牛顿流体柱-半球面渗透注浆形式扩散参数的研究

文献检索表明：目前国内外还没有一个能较准确地计算牛顿流体柱-半球面渗透注浆形式扩散参数（如半球体部分扩散半径与柱体部分扩散高度等）的理论公式,导致理论远滞后于工程应用。以牛顿流体流变方程及渗流运动方程为基础,研究了牛顿流体柱-半球面渗透注浆形式半球体部分扩散半径与柱体部分扩散高度的理论计算公式;分析了牛顿流体的流变性、注浆压力、地下水压力及配置流体的水体温度对牛顿流体柱-半球面渗透注浆形式半球体部分扩散半径与柱体部分扩散高度的影响;并设计注浆试验对其进行验证。结果表明：由牛顿流体柱-半球面渗透注浆形式半球体部分扩散半径与柱体部分扩散高度的理论公式计算得到的半球体部分扩散半径和柱体部分扩散高度理论值与注浆试验实测值间虽有30%左右的差异,但它们都处于可接受误差范围内。因此,研究成果可为实际注浆施工提供理论支撑与指导作用。     

论宽角航摄仪的精度、效率与成像质量

针对影响航空摄影测量精度、作业效率和成像质量的各种因素,该文提出了内外方位元素可清晰分离的航摄仪检校场建设方法,实现了航摄仪内方位元素的高精度检校。以此为基础,设计和实践了一种满足现有航测生产要求的高性能宽角航摄仪,该设备具有旁向视场角超过80°、稳定曝光频率2Hz、自动感知飞行速度和地形高、依摄影测量规则自动决定曝光间隔等能力。数万平方千米的生产实践表明:宽角航摄仪影像色彩自然,全局纹理清晰,支持在大速高比环境下航空摄影,其综合作业效率超过当今国际品牌航摄仪2倍以上。     

基于Smart3D的辽工大北校区三维实景建模研究

利用倾斜摄影测量技术进行三维实景建模,是近年来国内的测绘热点高新技术之一。本文以辽宁工程技术大学北校区为实验场地,利用多旋翼无人机搭载索尼ILCE-5100相机获取倾斜影像数据,采用Smart3D软件来建立三维模型,利用DP-Modeler软件进行模型精细化处理,通过LocaSpace Viewer软件对三维实景模型进行空间量测及分析,实现了较好的建模效果,表明此方案的可行性。三维实景模型具有真实的几何和纹理信息,能够在满足用户可视化要求的同时也为校园规划分析等方面提供科学依据。     

地市级实景三维城市建设及应用——以实景三维临沂建设为例

实景三维城市已成为三维空间支撑基础设施,是新型基础设施建设的重要内容,地市级实景三维城市建设是全面构建实景三维中国的基础。本文结合实景三维临沂的建设,提出了在低重叠度下,激光点云与倾斜摄影多源数据深度融合技术快速构建城市级实景三维城市的技术流程与体系,其数据成果在大比例尺地形图测绘、智慧临沂时空信息云平台建设、三维不动产登记管理等方面被深入应用,对推动城市级实景三维城市建设及应用具有实践意义。     

Optical Observations on Propagation Characteristics of Leaders in Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flashes

Using 2 high-speed cameras, we have recorded 14 negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes, half of which are natural and the others are artificially triggered. The two-dimensional (2D) propagation speed of different type leaders and the luminosity of lightning channel are analyzed in detail. Bidirectional leader processes are observed during the initial processes of two altitude triggered negative lightning (ATNL)flashes. The analysis shows: the propagation speed of the upward positive leader (UPL) before the initiation of the downward negative leader (DNL) is at the order of 104-105 m s-1; the UPL can be intensified by the initiation and development of the DNL in the way that the luminosity is enhanced and the speed is sped up; after initiation, the DNL in one ATNL flash propagates downward three times intermittently with interval of about 1 ms, while that in the other ATNL flash propagates downward continuously with a speed at the order of 105 m s-1. In the five classical triggered negative lightning (CTNL) flashes, the propagation speeds of the UPLs vary between 0.35×105 and 7.71×105 m s-1, and the variations of their luminosities and speeds are quite complex during the development processes. Among the four observed natural negative lightning flashes occurred on the land, three have only one return stoke (RS) each and all of their DNLs have many branches with an average speed at the order of 105 m s-1; while the another one has 13 RSs.In the CG flash with 13 RSs, the DNL before the first RS has no obvious branch below 1.4 km above the ground, and its speed ranges from 2.2×105 to 2.3×105 m s-1 between the heights of 0.7 and 1.4 km and exceeds 3.9×106 m s-1 below 0.7 km; preceding the 4th RS, an attempted leader is observed with a speed ranging from 1.1×105 to 1.1×106 m s-1 between 0.8 and 1.5 km. As for the three observed natural negative lightning flashes occurred on the sea, each has only one RS, and each DNL preceding the RS has a few branches, two of which have an average propagation speed at the order of 105 m s-1, and the other of 106m s-1, respectively. All the DNLs contained in the observed natural negative lightning flashes, except the attempted leader, propagate with gradually increasing luminosity and increasing speed in whole.     

基于倾斜摄影地表模型的三维地质填图软件关键技术与应用前景

讨论了基于倾斜摄影测量所构建的三维地表模型进行三维地质填图与三维地质建模软件的设计理念、开发环境、软件架构、关键技术、实现现状与应用前景。倾斜摄影影像经处理建模后构建的三维地表模型通常以OSGB格式保存,因此基于倾斜摄影成果的三维地质填图软件最好基于能直接读取、显示OSGB格式数据的OSG开源库,推荐VS2015+QT+OSG开发环境。该类软件的关键技术包括以Proj4为核心的坐标转换系统、地层界线的拾取与半自动追踪技术、基于反距离衰减函数的地层界面防穿透高程调节技术、切制地质剖面并由剖面修改地层界面的二三维联动编辑与修改地层界面的技术、在露头剖面上采集地层界线构建露头地层柱状图的技术。该软件的应用前景包括野外区域地质调查、煤田和油田等行业的野外地质填图,以及滑坡和泥石流崩塌等地质灾害危险区域的圈定。     

水下摄像和高强灌浆在预应力管桩承载力不足处理中的应用

高强预应力混凝土管桩（PHC）具有质量预可视、高强环保、施工高效灵活等特点,在目前雾霾严重的北方高层建筑施工中得到了广泛应用。本文通过河南某小区高层住宅楼管桩工程施工实例,介绍了管桩施工过程中由于施工、地层等原因造成的承载力不足问题,在采用低应变等常规检测手段无法准确判定原因的情况下,利用水下摄像技术准确判定问题所在,并采用复压、高强灌浆等方法处理的过程,为类似工程的处理提供一定的参考价值。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: USA, Eine Geographische Landeskunde , Vol. I, Der Grossraum in Strukturellem, Wandel, 3rd Ed. Helmut Blume . Introduction to Remote Sensing . James B. Campbell . The Sounds of People and Places: Readings in the Geography of American Folk and Popular Music . George O. Carney , ED. Development and Underdevelopment . John Cole . Mobility and Employment in Urban Southeast Asia: Example from Indonesia and the Philippines . Michael A. Costello , Thomas R. Leinbach , AND Richard Ulack . Soviet Asia: Economic Development and National Policy Choices . Leslie Dienes . The Third World City . David Drakakis -Smith . Scholars' Guide to Washington, DC for Cartography and Remote Sensing Imagery (maps, charts, aerial photographs, satellite images, cartographic literature and geographic information systems). Ralph E. Ehrenberg . Population and Development in the Third World . Allan AND Anne Findlay . The Early Mapping of Hawaii . Gary L. Fitzpatrick . Energetics of Physical Environment: Energetic Approaches to Physical Geography . K. J. Gregory , ED. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management . William E. Hammitt and David N. Cole . Agricultural Commercialization and Government Policy in Africa . J. Hinderink AND J. J. Sterkenburg . The Dynamics of American Housing . James W. Hughes AND George Sternlieb . Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation State . Charles F. Keyes . Resolving Locational Conflict . Robert W. Lake , ED. Lands at Risk in the Third World: Local-level Perspectives . Peter D. Little and Michael M. Horowitz , EDS. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science . David N. Livingstone . Regions: The Economics and Politics of Territory . Ann R. Markusen . Wetlands . William J. Mitsch and James G. Gosselink . Historical Geography: Progress and Prospect . Michael Pacione , ED. Loess and Periglacial Phenomena . Marton P$eacsi and Hugh M. French , EDS. Regional Management of Metropolitan Floodplains, Experience in the United States and Abroad . Rutherford H. Platt , ED. Human Cartography: Mapping the World of Man . Janos Szegö . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . Helen H. Tanner , ED. The Botany of Mangroves . P. B. Tomlinson . Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns . Rodney Vaughan . The Night After … Climatic and Biological Consequences of a Nuclear War . Yevgeni Velikhov , ED. Industrial Geography . H. D. Watts . Dictionary of Quotations in Geography . James O. Wheeler and Francis M. Sibley . Vermont Townscape . Norman Wiliams , Jr. , Edmund K. Kellogg and Peter M. Lavigne .     

半球月平均位势高度场均匀和非均匀异常指数的时滞性分析

将半球月平均位势高度场异常分解为半球均匀和非均匀两部分，构造了均匀异常指数车和非均匀异常指数η。对ξ,η的时滞性分析表明：北(南)半球车的时滞性较强，1月(7月)可达1a(3a)以上。η的时滞性较弱，显著时滞通常不足1个月；较强时滞出现在北半球夏季平流层，最长可达4个月。     

基于无人机航测技术的东郊椰林海底海草盖度反演研究

海草盖度是反映海草床生态状况的重要指标。本文通过航拍方案设计和飞行条件试验采用无人机航拍获取了东郊椰林海域高分辨率海草影像图,结合ArcGIS软件影像分类工具和3D工具反演了海草分布范围,研究出海草盖度计算的新方法并计算了东郊椰林海底海草的盖度,模拟传统海草盖度调查方法的站点布置,探讨了其结果可比性和代表性问题。研究结果表明,东郊椰林海域海草主要分布于离岸300 m以内的珊瑚礁砰上,呈斑块状、间隔式分布,获取东郊椰林沿岸海草集中分布区面积为23 221 m²,占研究区面积的比例为17.79%;海草覆盖面积约为16 423 m²,海草盖度为12.58%,海草盖度较高,海草床生态状况良好。在研究区的东南区域有马尾藻密集分布,分布面积为755.6 m²,其盖度为0.5%,呈独株圆柱状漂浮生长。通过模拟试验,传统海草盖度调查方法有样框法和样线法,布置站点不同,样框、样线放置有随机性,海草盖度调查结果变动明显,是传统调查方法的结果存在代表性差、可比性差的原因。本研究成果在海草生态监控区调查中具有推广应用价值。