长江水下三角洲沉积物柱状样重金属垂向分布特征

对长江水下三角洲3个沉积物柱状样进行粒度分析、²¹⁰Pb测年,并测定其中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属元素和Al等常量元素的含量,得到了沉积物粒度、粘土含量、重金属含量的垂向分布曲线和沉积物测年数据。通过相关分析来研究沉积物中的Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属、粒度、Al相互之间的关系;以Al为参照元素对这4种重金属进行归一化处理,分析其归一化前后的垂向分布特征。结果表明,Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种重金属元素在此区域的地球化学行为相似,其分布受细颗粒沉积物的吸附和胶体的絮凝作用共同控制;近一二十年来,该区域的Cr、Cu、Pb含量并没有显著增加,Zn有轻微污染。此外,CJ19柱中Cu存在异常峰值,可能是特大风暴潮事件对研究区浅水区底质沉积物中重金属的分布造成的影响。     

泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)重组铁蛋白富集重金属离子的特性及化学传感器的研究

利用泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)铁蛋白原核表达工程菌获得的重组铁蛋白,通过圆二色光谱分析蛋白二级结构,扫描电镜和电感耦合等离子质谱研究重组铁蛋白富集Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cr~(3+)、Hg~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和As~(3+)等7种重金属离子的特性,同时探索利用重组铁蛋白修饰丝网印刷电极,设计和制备重组铁蛋白检测Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)浓度的电化学生物传感器。结果表明复性成功的铁蛋白多为完整的?-螺旋结构,而复性不成功的蛋白聚集体则多为无规卷曲。重组铁蛋白的直径和形态与富集的离子种类有关。泥蚶铁蛋白对单一金属离子Fe~(2+)和Mn~(2+)的富集凸显优势。对两种混合金属离子的富集大多表现为竞争关系。但重组铁蛋白对Hg~(2+)和As~(3+)混合组的富集量明显高于单一金属离子组的富集量,对Hg~(2+)和As~(3+)混合组的富集表现出协同促进作用。重组铁蛋白传感器对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)溶液的最低检测限为10μg/L。     

The contrasted evolution of high and low flows and precipitation indices in the Duero basin (Spain)

Abstract

Trends in high and low flows are valuable indicators of hydrological change because they highlight changes in various parts of the frequency distribution of streamflow series. This enables improved assessment of water availability in regions with high seasonal and inter-annual variability. There has been a substantial reduction in water resources in the Duero basin (Iberian Peninsula, Spain) and other areas of the Mediterranean region during the last 50 years, and this is likely to continue because of climate change. In this study, we investigated the evolution and trends in high and low flows in the Spanish part of the Duero basin, and in equivalent or closely-related precipitation indices for the period 1961–2005. The results showed a general trend of decrease in the frequency and magnitude of high flows throughout most of the basin. Moreover, the number of days with low flows significantly increased over this period. No clear relationship was evident between the evolution of high/low flows and changes in the distribution frequencies of the precipitation series. In contrast to what was expected, the number of days with heavy precipitation and the mean annual precipitation did not show significant trends across the basin, and the number of days without rainfall decreased slightly. The divergence between precipitation and runoff evolution was more accentuated in spring and summer. In the absence of trends in precipitation, it is possible that reforestation processes in the region, and increasing temperatures in recent decades, could be related to the decreasing frequency of high flows and the increasing frequency of low flows.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor S. Grimaldi

Citation Morán-Tejeda, E., López-Moreno, J.I., Vicente-Serrano, S.M., Lorenzo-Lacruz, J. and Ceballos-Barbancho, A., 2012. The contrasted evolution of high and low flows and precipitation indices in the Duero basin (Spain). Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (4), 591–611.     

硫酸盐渍土机场地基处理换填覆重法研究

盐胀是硫酸盐渍土的主要危害,硫酸盐渍土机场地基处理的关键在于减少盐胀。通过不同荷载作用下的盐胀试验,研究了荷载对不同压实度、不同含盐量的硫酸盐渍土盐胀的抑制效果,拟合了盐胀经验公式,探讨了换填覆重法硫酸盐渍土机场地基处理。压实度不宜太高,在满足道面承载力的条件下建议在90%～95%之间取值;道面2 m以下可以填弱盐渍土,建议含盐量不要超过0.5%;水分危险点危害最大,必须重视排水设计。给出了确定换填覆重法最小荷载及最小厚度的方法。计算表明,覆重荷载50 kPa基本能抑制含盐量小于0.5%的硫酸盐渍土的盐胀,采用砂砾石材料最小覆重层厚度约2 m。换填覆重法在西北地区硫酸盐渍土机场地基处理中具有较好的应用前景。     

重矿物聚类分析在物源分析及地层对比中的应用——以东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷平湖地区为例

摘要：通过对重矿物进行Ｒ型、Ｑ型聚类分析,结合沉积学及砂岩矿物成分的研究,认为西湖凹陷平湖区第三系沉积物陆源区母岩类型共３类。其中由重矿物组合反映的母岩包括变质岩和火成岩共２类５型。在平面分布上,平湖地区南、北母岩类型有差别：南部以中性、中酸性火成岩为主,而北部既有各类变质岩又有中基性、酸性火成岩;在纵向演化上,南北也存在较大的差异,表现为充填过程中由于物源变化而反映的不同类型重矿物组合的交替变化。第三系沉积充填过程中物源供应总体方向由西而东,可进一步分为南部古渔山凸起和中北部古海礁凸起物源区。反映物源区或母岩性质变化的Ｑ型聚类分析,作为地层划分与对比的一种辅助方法在实际工作中具有一定的使用价值。     

Cu2+、Zn2+、SDS、DBS对脊尾白虾的毒性试验

选用铜、锌2种常见重金属和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(DBS)2种阴离子表面活性剂对脊尾白虾Palaemon carincauda仔虾进行96h急性毒性试验。结果表明,Cu2 、Zn2 、SDS、DBS对脊尾白虾仔虾的96h LC50分别为0.34、0.82、14.3和14.4 mg.L-1。将脊尾白虾仔虾对这4种毒物的敏感性与文献报道的其它动物进行了比较,结果认为可以将其作为毒性测试的标准试验生物。     

北戴河近岸海域表层沉积物重金属分布特征及污染评价

分析了北戴河近岸海域表层沉积物重金属含量和空间分布特征,利用修正综合指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对其污染程度进行了评价。结果表明,该区表层沉积物重金属平均含量较低,高值区主要分布在西南角和东北角河口,低值区主要分布在中部;区内重金属污染程度总体上处于较低至中等等级,污染相对明显的为人造河口、石河口和秦皇岛城区近岸海域。相对而言,Hg是主要的致污元素。     

柘林湾表层沉积物重金属分布及污染初步评价

研究了柘林湾表层沉积物样品中7种重金属元素的质量分数及分布特征,并对其来源进行了分析。结果显示,调查海区Zn的平均质量分数为113.0μg/g±6.5μg/g、Cr为40.1μg/g±8.5μg/g、Mn为837.9μg/g±168.6μg/g、Cu为24.0μg/g±4.3μg/g、Pb为57.7μg/g±11.3μg/g、Ni为24.4μg/g±5.7μg/g、Fe为3.7%±0.4%。重金属主要来源于陆源风化产物,其质量分数反映了粤东地区的地质特点。分别以沉积物质量和香港环保署公布的标准,对柘林湾表层沉积物重金属污染进行了评估,结果表明:只有Pb在部分站位达到中度污染水平,其它重金属元素则只为轻度污染。     

Atmospheric forcing of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review

The increase in marine, land surface, atmospheric and satellite data during recent decades has led to an improved understanding of the air–sea interaction processes in the eastern tropical Pacific. This is also thanks to extensive diagnoses from conceptual and coupled ocean–atmosphere numerical models. In this paper, mean fields of atmospheric variables, such as incoming solar radiation, sea level pressure, winds, wind stress curl, precipitation, evaporation, and surface energy fluxes, are derived from global atmospheric data sets in order to examine the dominant features of the low level atmospheric circulations of the region. The seasonal march of the atmospheric circulations is presented to depict the role of radiative forcing on atmospheric perturbations, especially those dominating the atmosphere at low levels.In the tropics, the trade winds constitute an important north–south energy and moisture exchange mechanism (as part of the low level branch of the Hadley circulation), that determines to a large extent the precipitation distribution in the region, i.e., that associated with the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Monsoonal circulations also play an important role in determining the warm season precipitation distribution over the eastern tropical Pacific through a large variety of air–sea–land interaction mechanisms. Westward traveling waves, tropical cyclones, low latitude cold air intrusions, and other synoptic and mesoscale perturbations associated with the ITCZ are also important elements that modulate the annual rainfall cycle. The low-level jets of the Gulf of California, the Intra-Americas Sea (Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) and Chocó, Colombia are prominent features of the eastern tropical Pacific low-level circulations related to sub-regional and regional scale precipitation patterns. Observations show that the Intra-Americas Low-Level Jet intensity varies with El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases, however its origin and role in the westward propagation and development of disturbances that may hit the eastern tropical Pacific, such as easterly waves and tropical cyclones, are still unclear. Changes in the intensity of the trade winds in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico (associated with eastern tropical Pacific wind jets) exert an important control on precipitation by means of wind–topography interactions. Gaps in the mountains of southern Mexico and Central America allow strong wind jets to pass over the continent imprinting a unique signal in sea surface temperatures and ocean dynamics of the eastern tropical Pacific.The warm pools of the Americas constitute an important source of moisture for the North American Monsoon System. The northeastern tropical Pacific is a region of intense cyclogenetic activity, just west of the coast of Mesoamerica. Over the oceanic regions, large-scale properties of key variables such as precipitation, moisture, surface energy fluxes and wind stress curl are still uncertain, which inhibits a more comprehensive view of the region and stresses the importance of regional field experiments. Progress has been substantial in the understanding of the ocean and atmospheric dynamics of the eastern tropical Pacific, however, recent observational evidence such as that of a shallow meridional circulation cell in that region, in contrast to the classic concept of the Hadley-type deep meridional circulation, suggests that more in situ observations to validate theories are still necessary.This paper is part of a comprehensive review of the oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.