磁拱脚点缓慢运动引起的磁场演化和日冕加热

Heyvaerts和Priest最近提出了一个线性无力场演化的简化模型来定量计算磁拱脚点做缓慢的剪切运动所引起的日冕加热。由于他们在能量的计算中漏掉了一些二阶项,并且保留了导致位移无界的磁场的线性演化项,本文对他们的工作进行了修正,同时还对脚点运动引起的磁拱无力场演化进行了进一步探讨。本文主要结果如下:(1)得到的加热效率(即耗散能量在光球供给能量中所占比例)比Heyvaerts和Priest所得结果大。(2)磁拱无力场的无耗散线性演化是不可能的。(3)由磁场位形具体说明了非线性无力场发生磁力线重联的可能性,并指出最容易发生磁力线重联的高度大约为一个磁拱宽度。     

剪切生热与花岗岩部分熔融——关于喜马拉雅地区逆冲断层与地壳热结构的分析

本文对影响喜马拉雅逆冲断层地区热结构的三种主要热源(断层的摩擦剪切热,地壳的放射性热和上地幔的传导热)的效应进行了计算分析,在计算中考虑了岩石的流变性造成的剪应力和温度的非线性关系及岩石温度到达熔点时的熔解热.结果表明,尽管地壳的放射性热和上地幔的传导热也可能引起地壳中的部分熔融,但此时熔融将从地壳底部开始发生,这与喜马拉雅地区观测到的地质现象不符;在考虑了剪切断层带的剪切热后,熔融将从断层附近开始发生,因此得到了比较符合实际地质现象的结果.     

微波加热在岩土工程中的应用

介绍了微波具有的特性以及微波加热原理,包括偶极极化、离子导电和界面极化三种机制。综述了微波加热技术在岩土工程领域的相关应用,例如快速测定土的含水量、处理固体废弃物、破碎岩石等,概述了该技术在融解冻土、淤泥土脱水、公路再生沥青修复技术方面的成果,并且提出微波加热技术可应用于减少有机土有机物含量、加热快速固结软土,以及微波加热研究的具体方向,期望能推动微波加热技术在岩土工程领域的推广。     

凝结潜热释放和地表热通量对一次飑线过程的影响

针对2013年7月4—5日一次产生大风、短时强降水强对流天气的飑线过程进行数值试验,研究了凝结潜热释放和地表热通量在中尺度对流系统的发生发展过程中的影响。结果表明:(1)凝结潜热释放对飑线系统有重要的作用,对飑线发展维持、移动及成熟阶段的垂直结构都有着一定影响。(2)当飑线系统进入成熟阶段后,小尺度的积云对流中的凝结加热作用于中高层大气,加强了高层辐散低层辐合的配置,而对流系统内垂直上升运动的加强又导致凝结加热作用更强。(3)凝结加热作用极大地促进了飑线的低层入流、高层出流的垂直结构,以及系统前方中层入流和高层出流之间形成的间接垂直反环流,促进高空动能下传的同时,使系统前方对流不稳定性增加,新的对流单体易于触发。(4)潜热释放间接增强了对流内部的冷性下沉气流,进而加强了低层的阵风锋,使得新的对流单体能在飑锋处触发,飑线以新老对流单体交替的方式向前移动。(5)在高低空急流的垂直耦合促进飑线发展的同时,成熟阶段飑线中较强的凝结加热对高低层急流有反馈作用,一定程度上增强了这种垂直耦合。(6)地表感热、潜热通量等边界层非绝热过程在对流系统的触发和发展中起到了较为重要的作用。地表热通量在白天加强了对流边界层的湍流混合作用,由此产生的特征维持到了夜间,形成了适合飑线触发的层结条件。另外,在对流形成之前,与地表潜热通量相关的边界层加湿作用为对流的爆发贮存了丰富的水汽和不稳定能量。     

Seismic slip recorded in tourmaline fault mirrors from Elba Island (Italy)

This paper reports the first example of fault mirrors developed in an unusual protolith, consisting of tourmaline crystals with interstitial goethite. The deformation mechanisms active in the fault zone have been investigated from the outcrop to the nanoscale, aiming to identify possible traces of frictional heating at seismic slip rate, as observed for other fault mirrors in different protoliths. The investigation revealed the superposition of two main deformational stages. The first was dominated by brittle processes and produced a cataclastic/ultracataclastic principal slip zone, a few mm thick; the second was associated with seismic slip and produced a sharp discontinuity (the principal slip surface) within the cataclastic/ultracataclastic zone. The mirror-like coating, a few microns thick, occurs on the principal slip surface, and is characterized by 1) absence of interstitial goethite; 2) occurrence of truncated tourmaline crystals; 3) highly variable grain size, from 200 μm to 200 nm; 4) tourmaline close packing with interlobate grain boundaries, and 5) tourmaline random crystallographic orientation.Micro and nanostructural investigations indicate the occurrence of thermally-activated processes, involving both interstitial goethite and tourmaline. In particular, close to the principal slip surface, goethite is completely decomposed, and produced an amorphous porous material, with local topotactic recrystallization of hematite. Tourmaline clasts are typically characterized by strongly lobate boundaries, indicative of reaction and partial decomposition at grain boundaries. TEM observations revealed the occurrence of tourmaline nanograins, a few tens of nm in size, characterized by rounded shape and fading amorphous boundaries, that cannot be obtained by brittle processes. Lastly, the peculiar interlobate microstructure of the mirror surface is interpreted as the result of grain boundary recrystallization processes taking place by deformation at high-T conditions. Our results show that tourmaline fault mirrors recorded localized high-T processes triggered by frictional heating and can be therefore considered as reliable traces of ancient earthquakes.     

Diagnosis of the forcing of inertial-gravity waves in a severe convection system

The non-hydrostatic wave equation set in Cartesian coordinates is rearranged to gain insight into wave generation in a mesoscale severe convection system. The wave equation is characterized by a wave operator on the lhs, and forcing involving three terms—linear and nonlinear terms, and diabatic heating—on the rhs. The equation was applied to a case of severe convection that occurred in East China. The calculation with simulation data showed that the diabatic forcing and linear and nonlinear forcing presented large magnitude at different altitudes in the severe convection region. Further analysis revealed the diabatic forcing due to condensational latent heating had an important influence on the generation of gravity waves in the middle and lower levels. The linear forcing resulting from the Laplacian of potential-temperature linear forcing was dominant in the middle and upper levels. The nonlinear forcing was determined by the Laplacian of potential-temperature nonlinear forcing. Therefore, the forcing of gravity waves was closely associated with the thermodynamic processes in the severe convection case. The reason may be that, besides the vertical component of pressure gradient force, the vertical oscillation of atmospheric particles was dominated by the buoyancy for inertial gravity waves. The latent heating and potential-temperature linear and nonlinear forcing played an important role in the buoyancy tendency. Consequently, these thermodynamic elements influenced the evolution of inertial-gravity waves.     

IMPACT OF AIR-SEA INTERACTION ON THE GENESIS OF TROPICAL INCIPIENT VORTEX OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA: A CASE STUDY

Based on 6-hourly sensible heat flux and latent heat flux from the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and circulation data from the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), the initial developing process of tropical cyclone Mindulle (1005) in 2010 has been diagnosed to reveal the impact of air-sea interaction over the South China Sea (SCS) on the genesis of its incipient vortex. The results show that the incipient vortex first occurred east of the Luzon Island on 0000 UTC 20 August, suggesting that the topographic forcing of the Luzon Island for easterly winds over the western Pacific might be one of the factors responsible for the formation of the incipient vortex. During the formation stage of the incipient vortex, strong southeasterlies over the SCS caused warm water of the middle and eastern SCS to flow toward the Luzon Island due to Ekman transport resulting from wind stress, leading to an increase of the sea surface temperature and sensible heat flux into the atmosphere. Although the anomalous sensible heating favored surface pressure to reduce, it was not conducive to the increase of local vorticity associated with the vortex above the heating area because, according to the atmospheric thermal adaptation theory, the anticyclonic vorticity would be created in the lower troposphere due to the decreased vertical gradient of the sensible heating. However, the ascending motions occurred over the eastern area of the anomalous sensible heating due to the augmentation of the vorticity advection with increasing height, causing water vapor to condense in the middle and upper troposphere. In turn, cyclonic vorticity was generated in the lower troposphere due to the increased vertical gradient of the condensation latent heating, resulting in the formation and further growth of the incipient vortex. Therefore, the vorticity creation due to the condensation heating played a dominant role during the subsequent enhancing stage of the incipient vortex.     

黑潮海域海洋异常加热对后期北半球大气环流影响的分析

计算了黑潮海域海洋异常加热与后期1—12个月北半球大气环流的时滞相关，分析了二者的相关关系。结果表明，海洋异常加热对后期半年到一年北半球大气环流场有重要影响。当黑潮海域海洋异常多加热时，后期半球范围内大气环流的经向度将趋减小，反之则趋加强。在分析相关场演变的基础上，讨论了上述时滞关系的可能物理过程，指出黑潮海域海洋异常加热对后期下游大气环流型的影响，是通过改变中纬大气与高纬极地大气之间温度和位势高度梯度，进而影响后期下游大气环流型来实现的。     

黑潮海域海洋异常加热与北半球大气环流的相互作用

根据黑潮海域海洋异常加热资料（１９５０－１９７９年），计算其与北半球大气环流相关，揭示二者相互作用事实，讨论其可能的物理过程，结果指出，黑潮海域海洋异常加热具有范围广，持续时间长，量级大等特点，在长期天气变化中占有重要的地位，冬半年海所相互作用为一正反馈过程，当亚洲大陆冷空气强时，海洋异常多加热，东亚大槽加深，后者又导致冷空气进一进加强；夏半年黑潮海域海洋异常加热主要受青藏高原热力状况制约。     

Benthic Front and the Yamato Basin Bottom Water in the Japan Sea

Hydrographic observations have revealed detailed structure of the Bottom Water in the Japan Sea. The Yamato Basin Bottom Water (YBBW) exhibits higher temperatures and lower dissolved oxygen concentrations than those found in the Japan Basin Bottom Water (JBBW). Both Bottom Waters meet around the boundary region between the Yamato and the Japan Basins, forming a clear benthic front. The structure of the benthic front suggests an estuary-like water exchange between both Basins, with the inflow from the Japan Basin passing under the outflow from the Yamato Basin. It is inferred from the property distributions that the JBBW flowing into the Yamato Basin is entrained by the cyclonic circulation in the basin, and modified to become the YBBW. Vertical diffusion and thermal balance in the YBBW are examined using a box model. The results show that the effect of geothermal heating has about 70% of the magnitude of the vertical thermal diffusion and both terms cancel the advection term of the cold JBBW from the Japan Basin. The box model also estimates the turnover time and vertical diffusivity for the YBBW as 9.1 years and 3.4 × 10⁻³ m²s^{− 1}, respectively.