科尔沁沙地梯级生态带水热通量变化特征及气候学足迹

荒漠化地区水热通量变化特征和气候学足迹对理解干旱、半干旱区气候变化及水分循环具有重要意义。以科尔沁沙地一条梯级生态带为研究区,运用2017年3-12月大孔径闪烁仪和自动气象站数据对研究区不同时间尺度水热通量和通量源区的动态变化特征进行分析。结果表明：水热通量日变化特征明显,各分支能量占比不同。晴天近地表能量各项分支曲线均呈显著单峰状,多云天水热通量变化无显著规律;水热通量季节变化显著,夏季显热通量值小于春季、秋季和冬季,潜热通量夏季最大,其次为春季和秋季,冬季最小;小时尺度和日尺度上源区变化较大;季节尺度上,源区面积春季 > 秋季 > 夏季,季节尺度间源区差异较小时尺度和日尺度降低;结合梯级生态带内下垫面类型看,生长季源区以光径中段的玉米农田占比最大,沙丘和草甸下垫面次之,光径内小型湖泊所占源区比例较小。不同月份各下垫面类型占比略有不同。     

南海上层热含量的年代际变化及影响因子分析

南海上层海洋热力结构年代际变化的研究,是海气相互作用与变化研究的热点之一,对南海区域及更大范围的气候异常的研究和南海海洋环流年际变化的研究都具有重要意义。本文采用多套海温、流场和海气界面通量资料,基于热平衡方程和统计分析方法,分析了南海上层热含量的年代际变化,研究了南海上层热含量影响因子的变化特征,比较了混合层及混合层以下热含量变化的异同,进而探讨了影响因子在混合层及混合层以下的不同作用;利用区域积分海温方程后得到的热量收支方程,诊断南海内区不同海域的热收支方程中的各项,发现了不同海域在影响热收支的物理过程方面存在差异。结果表明:南海混合层的热含量的变化主要受海气界面热通量的影响,夹卷效应在热含量的变化中也有接近1/3的贡献。在整个上层400m的热含量变化中,平流效应占据了主导地位。     

东南极中山站陆缘固定冰2011/2012年度的时空变化

Annual observations of first-year ice(FYI) and second-year ice(SYI) near Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica,were conducted for the first time from December 2011 to December 2012. Melt ponds appeared from early December 2011. Landfast ice partly broke in late January, 2012 after a strong cyclone. Open water was refrozen to form new ice cover in mid-February, and then FYI and SYI co-existed in March with a growth rate of 0.8 cm/d for FYI and a melting rate of 2.7 cm/d for SYI. This difference was due to the oceanic heat flux and the thickness of ice,with weaker heat flux through thicker ice. From May onward, FYI and SYI showed a similar growth by 0.5 cm/d.Their maximum thickness reached 160.5 cm and 167.0 cm, respectively, in late October. Drillings showed variations of FYI thickness to be generally less than 1.0 cm, but variations were up to 33.0 cm for SYI in March,suggesting that the SYI bottom was particularly uneven. Snow distribution was strongly affected by wind and surface roughness, leading to large thickness differences in the different sites. Snow and ice thickness in Nella Fjord had a similar "east thicker, west thinner" spatial distribution. Easterly prevailing wind and local topography led to this snow pattern. Superimposed ice induced by snow cover melting in summer thickened multi-year ice,causing it to be thicker than the snow-free SYI. The estimated monthly oceanic heat flux was ～30.0 W/m2 in March–May, reducing to ～10.0 W/m2 during July–October, and increasing to ～15.0 W/m2 in November. The seasonal change and mean value of 15.6 W/m2 was similar to the findings of previous research. The results can be used to further our understanding of landfast ice for climate change study and Chinese Antarctic Expedition services.     

Physical processes causing the formation of hypoxia off the Changjiang estuary after Typhoon Chan-hom, 2015

Severe hypoxia was observed in the submarine canyon to the east of the Changjiang estuary in July 14, 2015, two days after typhoon Chan-hom. The oxygen concentration reached as low as 2.0 mg/L and occupied a water column of about 25 m. A ROMS model was con?gured to explore the underlying physical processes causing the formation of hypoxia. Chan-hom passed through the Changjiang estuary during the neap tide. The strati?cation was completely destroyed in the shallow nearshore region when typhoon passing. However, it was maintained in the deep canyon, though the surface mixed layer was largely deepened. The residual water in the deep canyon is considered to be the possible source of the later hypoxia. After Chan-hom departure, not only the low salinity plume water spread further of fshore, but also the sea surface temperature(SST) rewarmed quickly. Both changes helped strengthen the strati?cation and facilitate the formation of hypoxia. It was found that the surface heat ?ux, especially the solar short wave radiation dominated the surface re-warming, the of fshore advection of the warmer Changjiang Diluted Water(CDW) also played a role. In addition to the residual water in the deep canyon, the Taiwan Warm Current(TWC) was found to ?ow into the deep canyon pre-and soon post-Chan-hom, which was considered to be the original source of the hypoxia water.     

Quantifying the non-conservative production of potential temperature over the past 22000 years

The energy budgets of the ocean play a crucial role in the analysis of climate change. Potential temperature is traditionally used as a conservative quantity to express variations associated with “heat” in oceanography, such as the heat content and heat transport. However, potential temperature is usually not conserved during turbulent mixing, so the use of conservative temperature is more accurate. Based on climatological simulations under the modern and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM;~21 ka;ka=thousand years ago), as well as a transient climate simulation of the past 22 000 years, we quantify the errors induced by the neglect of the non-conservation of potential temperature in paleo-climate research for the first time. The temperature error reaches 0.9℃ near the coasts aff ected by river discharges but is much smaller in the open oceans, typically 0.03°C above the main thermocline and less than 0.01℃ elsewhere. The error of the ocean heat content (OHC) is roughly 3×10^22 J and is relatively steady over the past 22 000 years. However, the OHC increases to six times the original value during the last glacial termination from 20 ka to 7 ka. As a result, the relative OHC error decreases from 1.2% in the LGM climate to 0.14% in the modern climate. The error of the ocean meridional heat transport (OMHT) is generally smaller than 0.005 PW (1 PW=10 15 W), with very small temporal variations (typically 0.000 4 PW), and induces a relative OMHT error of typically 0.3% over the past 22 000 years. Therefore, the neglect of the non-conservation of potential temperature induces a relative error of generally less than 1% in the analyses of basin-scale climate variations.     

A simplified urban-extent algorithm to characterize surface urban heat islands on a global scale and examine vegetation control on their spatiotemporal variability

We develop a new algorithm, the simplified urban-extent (SUE) algorithm, to estimate the surface urban heat island (UHI) intensity at a global scale. We implement the SUE algorithm on the Google Earth Engine platform using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images to calculate the UHI intensity for over 9500 urban clusters using over 15 years of data, making this one of the most comprehensive characterizations of the surface UHI to date. The results from this algorithm are validated against previous multi-city studies to demonstrate the suitability of the method. The dataset created is then filtered for elevation differentials and percentage of urban area and used to estimate the diurnal, monthly, and long-term variability in the surface UHI in different climate zones. The global mean surface UHI intensity is 0.85 °C during daytime and 0.55 °C at night. Cities in arid climate show distinct diurnal and seasonal patterns, with higher surface UHI during nighttime (compared to daytime) and two peaks throughout the year. The diurnal variability in surface UHI is highest for equatorial climate zone (0.88 °C) and lowest for arid zone (0.53 °C). The seasonality is highest in the snow climate zone and lowest for equatorial climate zone. While investigating the change in the surface UHI over a decade and a half, we find a consistent increase in the daytime surface UHI in the urban clusters of the warm temperate climate zone (0.04 °C/decade) and snow climate zone (0.05 °C/decade). Only arid climate zones show a statistically significant increase in the nighttime surface UHI intensity (0.03 °C/decade). Globally, the change is mainly seen during the daytime (0.03 °C/decade). Finally, the importance of vegetation differential between urban and rural areas on the spatiotemporal variability is examined. Vegetation has a strong control on the seasonal variability of the surface UHI and may also partly control the long-term variability. The complete UHI data are available through this website (https://yceo.yale.edu/research/global-surface-uhi-explorer) and allows the user to query the UHI of urban clusters using a simple interface.     

沉积白云石形成条件的试验研究

经过大量试验研究工作，总结出在常温常压条件下，全成碳酸盐矿物的控制因素和形成条件，合成出原白云石（无序白云）等一系列碳酸盐矿物.原白云石经加温加压，在100℃或150℃转化为白云石（有序白云石）.     

南海北部珠江口盆地深水区荔湾凹陷构造-热演化

The Liwan Sag, with an area of 4 000 km~2, is one of the deepwater sags in the Zhujiang River(Pearl River) Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea. Inspired by the exploration success in oil and gas resources in the deepwater sags worldwide, we conducted the thermal modeling to investigate the tectono-thermal history of the Liwan Sag,which has been widely thought to be important to understand tectonic activities as well as hydrocarbon potential of a basin. Using the multi-stage finite stretching model, the tectonic subsidence history and the thermal history have been obtained for 12 artificial wells, which were constructed on basis of one seismic profile newly acquired in the study area. Two stages of rifting during the time periods of 49–33.9 Ma and 33.9–23 Ma can be recognized from the tectonic subsidence pattern, and there are two phases of heating processes corresponding to the rifting.The reconstructed average basal paleo-heat flow values at the end of the rifting events are ~70.5 and ~94.2 mW/m~2 respectively. Following the heating periods, the study area has undergone a persistent thermal attenuation phase since 23 Ma and the basal heat flow cooled down to ~71.8–82.5 mW/m~2 at present.     

日气温变化下杭州湾水温的数值模拟

杭州湾内水温在不同时间尺度下均存在变化,这对河口生态等会产生影响。由于昼夜气温变化大,空气和海水的热量交换较为频繁。另外,随着气温的逐日下降,水温也随之降低。为研究日气温变化下杭州湾内的水温变化,建立了三维数学模型,通过考虑水面和空气的热交换通量,复演了日气温变化下湾内水温特征。经过和实测潮流数据比较,本文模型很好地模拟出了杭州湾内大、中和小潮期间水流的变化。在综合考虑太阳辐射、长波辐射和水气感热交换下,模型成功再现了日气温变化下水温的变化过程。研究结果一方面有助于认识强潮河口湾内水温变化特征,另一方面将为研究温度对泥沙运动的影响提供前期基础。     

粤港澳大湾区建设用地扩张与城市热岛扩张耦合态势研究

深入研究粤港澳大湾区建设用地扩张与城市热岛扩张的耦合态势,对改善大湾区生态环境、实现城市化的健康发展,具有重要的意义和科学价值。本文以粤港澳大湾区为研究区域,选取2000、2008和2016年的遥感影像数据和地表温度数据,提取大湾区的建设用地、划分城市热岛强度等级、识别城市热岛区域;在此基础上,使用总体耦合态势和空间耦合特征两种模型揭示大湾区在不同时期建设用地扩张和城市热岛扩张的耦合关系。结果表明：① 2000-2016年,粤港澳大湾区的建设用地扩张和城市热岛扩张趋势具有同步性;② 城市热岛区域面积不断增加,在珠江口两岸逐步形成了连接中山-佛山-广州-东莞-深圳-香港,大范围分布的倒“U”形城市热岛条带;③ 大湾区建设用地与城市热岛的总体耦合态势处于不断加强的过程,至2016年,两类指标的重心距离达到研究期内的最小距离,此时的总体耦合态势最强;④ 研究期内,大湾区未出现建设用地扩张和城市热岛扩张严重失调情况,建设用地扩张和城市热岛扩张耦合类型以耦合型、基本耦合型以及轻度不耦合型为主,空间耦合程度高。