Latent and sensible heat fluxes under active and weak phases of the summer monsoon of 1986

An analysis of the meteorological data collected by the research vessel ORV Sagarkanya for the mean latent and sensible heat fluxes over the Arabian Sea has indicated appreciable changes between active and weak phases of the southwest monsoon of 1986. We suggest that: (a) the presence of a core of low level winds associated with the Somali jet and its southward shift during the season, along with (b) a ridge in surface pressure over the central Arabian Sea could be responsible for the deficit in monsoon rainfall along the west coast of India in 1986.     

Properties of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system in Europe with a view toward earth conductivity

Over the past 20 years the study ofP- andS-wave velocities in the upper mantle of the Mediterranean area and continental Europe has been the subject of intensive research work. We present a summary of results based on the inversion of available surface-wave dispersion data andP-wave trave time observations. For areas characterized by different tectonic settings and very large lateral variations, a discussion is made about structural models based on seismological, geothermal and electrical conductivity data.     

热泵在多年冻土地区工程中的应用

The inclement climate and permafrost have a strong influence on human activities and life in cold regions. It is important to adjust to these conditions in such a way as to minimize adverse environmental impacts. In order to maintain the ecological equilibrium, various technologies have been developed which involve the use of the natural cold for solving difficult engineering problems. Heat pumps hold much promise in this context. They can help protect the environment from the thermal effects of human activities and, unlike the conventional refrigeration devices; the produced heat can be utilized. They also provide a solution to another problem vitally important for the northern regions - saving of fuel and energy resources. In case of global warming with an increasing need for artificial refrigeration, the use of heat pumps will be the most economical solution, preventing catastrophic loss of structural stability virtually without additional costs.     

春季青藏高原感热异常对长江中下游夏季降水影响的初步研究

探讨了春季青藏高原感热的分布特征，对高原地区地-气温差与感热的合成分析表明，长江中下游地区旱涝年春季高原近地层热力结构分布呈显著差异；统计分析与数值模拟试验也证实了春季高原下垫面感热南北非均匀异常分布，对长江中下游地区夏季降水存在着显著影响，即春季高原下垫面感热非均匀异常分布特征可能是长江中下游地区夏季旱涝的“强信号”之一。     

将城市热岛效应分析融入GIS中应用于城市规划

介绍了GIS在城市规划中的应用和热岛与城市规划的相互关系，并探讨能否将GIS与城市热环境相结合运用于城市规划设计中。根据某城镇的地表、气候、降雨量、风场等自然因素与人口、政治、经济、文化等人为因素相联系，综合分析设计出最优的生态城市规划方案，满足当代人高质量生活环境的要求，以及整个城市乃至全球的生态发展。     

胡萝卜种植与气象条件的分析

通过对吉木萨尔县南部山间盆地胡萝卜的种植与当地气象条件的分析，总结出胡萝卜适宜播期及水分和光照的需求特点。     

Modelling of evaporation in a sparse millet crop using a two-source model including sensible heat advection within the canopy

During two successive growing seasons meteorological measurements were made in a pearl millet field in the Sahel to investigate the evaporation process in relation to crop growth. The evaporation was measured by eddy correlation and simulated using the Shuttleworth Wallace (SW) model [Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 111 (1985) 839–855]. To take sun height and multi-layer scattering into account a radiation balance model was formulated. The model indicates that partitioning of the net radiation between the vegetation and the soil may be estimated (r²=0.94) from the fraction of diffuse radiation, the leaf area index and an attenuation coefficient, but that the attenuation coefficient may not be similar in different locations. To solve the SW-model with respect to the soil resistance an iterative solution was employed with the total evaporation estimated from the Bowen-ratio calculated from eddy correlation measurements. The procedure made it possible to derive stable estimates of soil resistance at soil evaporation rates down to 25 W m⁻². The soil resistance was found to be in accordance with evaporation through a dry surface layer. The SW-model indicates, that advection of sensible heat from the dry soil to the plants, increases transpiration considerably. This will cause management techniques, such as mulching and dry farming, aimed at reducing soil evaporation to be less effective than might be anticipated. The effects of raising the leaf area index to improve the microclimate is discussed in relation to management of the available water and crop security.     

Heat Wave Hazards: An Overview of Heat Wave Impacts in Canada

Extreme heat events are natural hazards affecting Canada and many other regions of the world. This paper presents an overview of the issues involved in defining heat waves and harmful hot weather events, followed by a spatial and historical overview of heat waves across Canada, and an assessment of heat wave adaptation potential in selected cities. The Prairies, Southern Ontario, and areas in the St. Lawrence River Valley of both Ontario and Quebec demonstrate the highest temperatures and most frequent occurrences of heat waves, with minimal effects in the North, Pacific Coast, and Maritimes. Montreal frequently experiences extreme heat, and based on its low air conditioning rates and older, high-density housing, it demonstrates limited potential for adaptation to heat events. A scientific assessment was done to identify the effects of heat waves on various sectors of Canadian life including agriculture, livestock, fisheries, construction, transportation, utilities, the environment, and human health. Heat stress has been linked to excess human mortality and illness, violent behaviour, drought, forest fires, tornadoes, decreased agricultural and livestock productivity, construction and transportation difficulties, and reduced electrical power supply. Despite limited research on heat waves in Canada, this study demonstrates that the impacts of heat are profound and far-reaching.