河口挡潮闸对三角洲潮汐不对称时空变化的影响

三角洲内部潮汐不对称性与三角洲地貌演变方向有重要关系。目前诸多研究关注海洋、陆地边界的改变对三角洲内的潮汐不对称性演变规律的影响。实际上, 大规模的河口工程也会对三角洲内的潮汐不对称性产生影响。在众多河口工程中, 河口挡潮闸由于直接削弱口门处海洋潮动力, 影响最为直接。荷兰三角洲是潮动力主导型三角洲, 受洪潮灾害影响较为严重, 为此在荷兰西南部修建了世界上著名的三角洲挡潮闸工程。文章以荷兰莱茵河-默兹河三角洲为研究对象, 分析以挡潮闸为主的河口工程对三角洲内河网潮汐不对称性演变特征的影响。选取莱茵河-默兹河三角洲13个潮位站点的50~60年的水文资料, 利用非平稳调和分析方法计算分析三角洲内部潮汐传播特性, 并进一步研究潮汐涨落潮历时不对称性演变特征, 揭示河口挡潮闸工程对潮汐河网中潮汐动力和潮汐不对称性的影响。研究表明, 莱茵河-默兹河三角洲为显著的涨潮占优型河口, 潮汐不对称现象总体向上游沿程增强。河口挡潮闸修建后受河网径流量和潮动力剧烈变化的影响, 封闭的南部通道内的潮波大幅度削弱, 潮汐不对称现象在下游增强在上游减弱。北部、中部通道其他站点则因为通道径流增大, 潮汐不对称现象增强, 中部站点变化更为显著。     

独立坐标系模型对长度变形影响的研究

针对海拔较高的城市建立或改造独立坐标系,存在着如何选择模型及各模型对长度变形的影响等问题,通过算例对常见椭球变换和比例缩放模型进行较为全面系统的分析,归纳出常见模型在不同投影带区域、不同投影面高度对长度变形的影响差异,并得出有益的结论。     

单站点无地面控制摄影机自检校

\     

An equal area conversion model for rasterization of vector polygons

Vector-raster conversion is one of the classic research topics in the field of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The algorithms commonly used in GIS are devoted to maintaining the vector polygons' shape characteristics, but neglect the gain and loss of a polygon's area, which is another important attribute. This paper proposes an equal-area conversion model based on an area compensation optimization principle. According to the topological relationship among polygons and boundary grids, a neighborhood compensation principle was adopted to assign the attributes of boundary grids and a global optimization algorithm was developed to minimize area distortion in the whole data set. Two experiments were designed and the results indicated that this algorithm not only guaranteed the area error is as small as possible, but also has the advantage as being adaptive to polygon shape and spatial structure.     

Effects of the Soil Heat Flux Estimates on Surface Energy BalanceClosure over a Semi-Arid Grassland

Soil heat flux is important for surface energy balance (SEB), and inaccurate estimation of soil heat fluxoften leads to surface energy imbalance. In this paper, by using observations of surface radiation fluxesand soil temperature gradients at a semi-arid grassland in Xilingguole, Inner Mongolia, China from Juneto September 2008, the characters of the SEB for the semi-arid grassland were analyzed. Firstly, monthlyaveraged diurnal variations of SEB components were revealed. A 30-min forward phase displacement of soilheat flux (G) observed by a fluxplate at the depth of 5-cm below the soil surface was conducted and its effecton the SEB was studied. Secondly, the surface soil heat flux (Gs) was computed by using harmonic analysisand the effect of the soil heat storage between the surface and the fluxplate on the SEB was examined.The results show that with the 30-min forward phase displacement of observed G, the slope of the ordinarylinear regression (OLR) of turbulent fluxes (H+LE) against available energy (Rn–G) increased from 0.835to 0.842, i.e., the closure ratio of SEB increased by 0.7%, yet energy imclosure of 15.8% still existed in theSEB. When Gs, instead of G was used in the SEB equation, the slope of corresponding OLR of (H+LE)against (Rn–Gs) reached 0.979, thereby the imclosure ratio of SEB was reduced to only 2.1%.     

北京地区地闪活动时空分布特征

基于国家雷电定位网2010—2014年雷电定位数据和2010—2013年地面气象资料,分析了北京地区各季地闪活动时空分布特征及其与降水量的关系。结果表明,北京地区雷电活动具有明显的日变化特征;雷电发生频次随季节变化明显,负闪和全地闪在秋季变化幅度最大;雷电发生频次最大值和最小值出现时间随季节变化,春季、夏季日循环峰值出现时间在22∶00—23∶00(北京时间),秋季日循环峰值出现时间在01∶00,冬季则为15∶00且不具有显著性;从空间分布上看,可以看出雷电活动分布具有局地性特征,北京地区雷电活动最频繁的地区集中在密云县和平谷区的迎风坡一带、通州区与市辖区交界处,高雷暴日区域位于延庆县、昌平区和平谷西部,延庆县和怀柔区的北部及房山区和门头沟交界处的西部,雷暴发生频次和雷暴日空间分布不完全吻合。通过各季雷电发生频次日变化序列的谐波分析可知,日循环为日变化的主要信号。春季、夏季、秋季雷电发生频次和降水量两者整体变化趋势一致,降水量较雷电发生频次变化缓慢。     

江淮梅雨的时空变化特征

利用江淮地区37站1954--2001年48a梅雨特征量资料,采用谐波分析、EOF和最大熵谱分析等方法讨论了江淮梅雨的时空变化特征。结果表明：江淮梅雨时空分布不均,梅雨特征量存在显著的年际一年代际变化特征,梅雨特征量年代际变化之间存在明显的负相关或正相关关系;梅雨特征量存在显著不同的多时间尺度振荡周期和长期演变趋势且江淮地区雨季也呈不同的年际和年代际变化特征。     

澳门单站气象资料变化趋势的预报模型之比较

以澳门单站年和四季降水和温度两个气象要素的气象资料(1952~2001年)为主要研究对象,利用3种统计预报模型(谐波分析外推模型、开环门限自回归模型和主分量因子的逐步回归模型)进行拟合及试报,对澳门的降水及温度的变化做较深入的分析及预测,比较3种统计预报模型在研究澳门单站气象资料的变化趋势中的优劣。结果发现,3种预报模型在预报年和四季平均气温的方面都比较理想,但对降水量变化序列做拟合及试报则差异较大。总体而言,气候场的主分量逐步回归法对相同的气候资料建模做拟合及试报,结果拟合率是三者中最高的,复相关为0.821~0.911,预报效果除秋季较差外,其余都非常好。     

三次谐波对配电系统的危害及抑制措施

为了更好地降低或消除供电系统中的三次谐波，保障供电系统的安全运行，针对三次谐波对供配电系统的影响越来越严重的现状，以国家气象信息中心供配电系统为研究对象，采用理论分析与实际测量相结合的方法，对三次谐波的危害及抑制措施进行了研究。指出了三次谐波产生的原因，分析了三次谐波引起的5种主要危害，并以此为依据，提出了降低或消除三次谐波的6种不同方法。通过对降低或消除三次谐波不同方法进行分析、对比，结合实践的检验，通过在配电系统接近负荷的位置安装D-Yn接法隔离变压器，可以最有效地抑制三次谐波产生的各种危害，明显改善供电系统的供电质量和配电系统及设备的安全运行，是行之有效的三次谐波抑制措施。     

Turbulent Intensities and Velocity Spectra for Bare and Forested Gentle Hills: Flume Experiments

To investigate how velocity variances and spectra are modified by the simultaneous action of topography and canopy, two flume experiments were carried out on a train of gentle cosine hills differing in surface cover. The first experiment was conducted above a bare surface while the second experiment was conducted within and above a densely arrayed rod canopy. The velocity variances and spectra from these two experiments were compared in the middle, inner, and near-surface layers. In the middle layer, and for the canopy surface, longitudinal and vertical velocity variances () were in phase with the hill-induced spatial mean velocity perturbation (Δu) around the so-called background state (taken here as the longitudinal mean at a given height) as predicted by rapid distortion theory (RDT). However, for the bare surface case, and remained out of phase with Δu by about L/2, where L is the hill half-length. In the canopy layer, wake production was a significant source of turbulent energy for , and its action was to re-align velocity variances with Δu in those layers, a mechanism completely absent for the bare surface case. Such a lower ‘boundary condition’ resulted in longitudinal variations of to be nearly in phase with Δu above the canopy surface. In the inner and middle layers, the spectral distortions by the hill remained significant for the background state of the bare surface case but not for the canopy surface case. In particular, in the inner and middle layers of the bare surface case, the effective exponents derived from the locally measured power spectra diverged from their expected  − 5/3 value for inertial subrange scales. These departures spatially correlated with the hill surface. However, for the canopy surface case, the spectral exponents were near  − 5/3 above the canopy though the minor differences from  − 5/3 were also correlated with the hill surface. Inside the canopy, wake production and energy short-circuiting resulted in significant departures from  − 5/3. These departures from  − 5/3 also appeared correlated with the hill surface through the wake production contribution and its alignment with Δu. Moreover, scales commensurate with Von Karman street vorticies well described wake production scales inside the canopy, confirming the important role of the mean flow in producing wakes. The spectra inside the canopy on the lee side of the hill, where a negative mean flow delineated a recirculation zone, suggested that the wake production scales there were ‘broader’ when compared to their counterpart outside the recirculation zone. Inside the recirculation zone, there was significantly more energy at higher frequencies when compared to regions outside the recirculation zone.