岩石变形破坏的熵突变过程与破坏判据

在岩石的变形破坏过程中,当进入不稳定的破裂发展阶段之后,系统不断调整结构抵抗外力的扰动,裂纹向局域集中的有序方向发展,应变能不断耗散,并以应变能的耗散为媒介,使系统与外扰动所追加的负熵流产生能量流通,也使系统熵值和系统的维数逐次降低,这一阶段岩石系统远离平衡态,岩石的破坏是系统熵的突变过程。基于这一认识,并在验证应变能分布与结构块度分布模式的一致性的基础上,推导出包含了结构因素和能量分布的熵表达式;对熵表达式进行平衡分析获得局部突变的分岔集,得到了岩石局部破坏的熵折迭突变破坏准则;同时,探讨了熵表达式所表征的结构有序度的尖点突变性,解出岩石系统的分岔集,这个分岔集就是岩石系统熵突变的整体破坏准则。     

Cavity expansion in cross‐anisotropic rock

Schistous rock can be considered—in a first approximation—as cross‐anisotropic linear elastic material. The determination of the corresponding material constants on the basis of the laboratory investigation of rock samples often fails, as the extraction of appropriate cores proves to be unfeasible (the cores disintegrate if the schistosity is pronounced). In this paper a new method is presented to determine the material constants of a linear elastic cross‐anisotropic rock on the basis of cavity expansion field tests, e.g. with a radial jack. To this purpose, an analytic approximation for the deformation of a hydrostatically loaded cylindrical cavity in cross‐anisotropic rock is derived which serves to the inverse analysis of the material parameters. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩石锚杆基础抗拔承载力计算方法探究

岩石锚杆基础作为架空输电线路塔基中的一种特殊基础型式,可以充分发挥原状岩体的力学性能,具有良好的抗拔性能。根据目前岩石锚杆基础原型试验的结果,《架空送电线路基础设计技术规定》中所推荐的单锚基础抗拔承载力计算模型中,理想45?破坏模式与实际不符,按其设计计算值偏差较大,可能导致设计成果不安全。为此,依据极限平衡原理基于围岩强度建立了较为合理的抗拔承载力计算模型,力学推导得出了相关公式,并进行了简化。通过推导公式计算值与实测值、设计值对比验证可知,抗拔承载力极限值位于 ～ 区间内,与推荐公式 的计算值一致性较好,能满足工程应用精度,具有可行性。     

Use of terrestrial photogrammetry for monitoring and measuring bank erosion

This paper examines the use of terrestrial photogrammetry as a technique for measuring bank erosion in a rapidly changing fluvial environment. It has been recognized that there are a number of advantages when applying photogrammetric techniques to geomorphological situations. In this study the enhancement of spatial sampling combined with the ability to capture additional information, such as soil moisture, on film, is of particular importance in enabling the identification of specific processes involved in bank erosion as well as detailed volumetric analysis of losses. Metric terrestrial photography was taken of the river bank on several dates, and data were abstracted by the use of analytical photogrammetry. This enabled the generation of digital terrain models from which morphological and volumetric changes could be assessed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rock warming and drying under simulated intertidal conditions,part II: weathering and biological influences on evaporative cooling and near‐surface micro‐climatic conditions as an example of biogeomorphic ecosystem engineering

The way in which rocks and engineering materials heat‐up and dry‐out in the intertidal zone is of relevance to both weathering and ecology. These behaviours can be measured in the laboratory under controlled conditions designed to replicate those occurring in the field. Previous studies have demonstrated differences in thermal behaviours between rock types and through time as a result of soiling in terrestrial environments, but the influence of weathering and colonization on rock behaviours in the intertidal zone has not been previously assessed. We measured the warming and drying of blocks of rock (limestone and granite) and marine concrete during ‘low‐tide’ events simulated in the laboratory, before and after a period of exposure (eight months) on rock platforms in Cornwall, UK. As well as differences between the material types, temperatures of control (unexposed) and field‐exposed blocks differed in the order of 1 to 2 °C. Drying behaviours were also different after field exposure. Differences during the first few hours of exposure to air and heat were attributed to discolouration and albedo effects. Over longer periods of time, changes in the availability of near‐surface pore water as a result of micro‐scale bioerosion of limestone and the development of bio‐chemical crusts on marine concrete [observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)] are suggested as mechanisms enhancing and reducing, respectively, the efficiency of evaporative cooling. The retention of moisture by epilithic biofilms may also influence thermal and drying behaviours of granite. These observations represent one of the first examples of cross‐scalar biogeomorphic linkages in the intertidal zone. The significance of the results for the subsequent efficiency of weathering, and near‐surface micro‐climatic conditions experienced by colonizing organisms is discussed. The involvement of microorganisms in the creation of more (or less) ecologically stressful conditions through the alteration of substratum geomorphic properties and behaviours is suggested as an example of ‘biogeomorphic ecosystem engineering’. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海量地形数据的Web发布与交互浏览

阐述了基于CORBA的分布式平台实现异构网络环境下海量地形数据的Web发布与服务的关键技术,通过一个实验系统对上述方法进行了测试。     

无/缺水下地形数据的高原堰塞湖水量遥感估算

水量遥感动态监测对于高原堰塞湖风险评估、预报预警和处置决策等具有重要意义。针对高原无资料或缺资料区,充分利用空天遥感技术,文章提出了一种无/缺水下地形数据的高原堰塞湖水量遥感定量估算方法。该方法首先通过遥感水域面积提取,获取堰塞湖淹没空间范围;进而采用不规则复杂多边形中线定位算法,确定堰塞湖中心线位置;然后基于河道中心特定点高程信息,结合局部河道比降估算,生成堰塞湖水下地形河道中线约束因子;再根据河道边坡高程信息和水下地形约束因子自适应拟合出局部堰塞河道的水下未知地形;最后通过三维曲面离散积分实现堰塞湖水量遥感动态定量估算。实验以东帕米尔高原的萨雷兹堰塞湖为研究区,展开遥感水量调查与局部验证研究,结果表明:萨雷兹堰塞湖当前水域面积约为89.09 km²,水量约为162.49亿m³;这一结果与专家预估的水资源量155—165亿m³基本吻合。经局部模拟实验精度对比验证,模拟结果与实际数据动态误差总体控制在10%以内,相关系数达到0.95(P<0.01,双尾),进一步证明了算法的鲁棒性和估算结果的可信度。为无/缺水下地形数据的高原堰塞湖水量遥感估算提供了一种有效的方法,实现了水下地形未知的高原堰塞湖水量遥感快速反演与定量测算。     

加速迭代硬阈值ISAR稀疏成像

加速迭代硬阈值(AIHT)作为一种压缩感知(CS)算法,具有计算复杂度低、内存占用小的特点,在较小数目的观测下,经过有限次迭代便能获得较好的重建效果。因此,本文将该算法应用到逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)稀疏成像,对该方法的具体特征和适用性进行了详细分析。仿真结果表明,在相同信噪比和回波脉冲数条件下,基于AIHT的ISAR成像方法,相比于稀疏贝叶斯算法(SBL),在重建时间上缩短了至少2个量级;相比于迭代加权最小二乘法(IRLS)和平滑l0范数算法,在重建质量上提高了约3倍。经实测数据处理结果验证,在1/4原始脉冲数条件下,该方法仍具有良好的聚焦性能和压低旁瓣效果。     

基于成本最优路径的划界线与实际地形自动匹配

针对当前划界工作中主要采用手工操作实现划界线与实际地形匹配的现状,提出了基于成本最优路径分析实现自动匹配的基本原理,研究了自动匹配的关键技术。首先,基于悬挂特征栅格的反向追踪构造地形特征网络,并借助划界法理对其进行特殊处理。其次,构建成本图层,应用成本最优路径分析实现了划界线与实际地形的自动匹配。最后,通过实验对匹配结果的可靠性进行评价,验证了本文自动匹配方法的有效性和可靠性,并对划界工作提出了若干建议。     

三维激光扫描技术在复杂地质隧道岩体信息获取中的优化

为了更高效、高精度地获取岩体结构面信息,借助三维激光扫描技术,提出并建立一种基于Kriging算子和最小二乘法组合的点云插值方法。首先对获取的隧道点云数据利用单一的最小二乘法进行插值,并以此为基础,结合Kriging算子的适应度函数建立组合插值模型。在利用三维激光扫描仪已获取的某岩溶隧道的原始点云数据的基础上,运用组合模型进行插值处理,以此获取岩体结构面信息,并将组合方法得到的结果与单一的插值方法进行对比,发现组合方法插值效果较好,误差也较小。基于Kriging算法和最小二乘法结合的插值方法,在利用三维激光扫描技术获取岩溶隧道岩体几何信息—结构面产状的过程中能更加精确、全面,并可以用于岩体稳定性评价。