扩张原理的推广

最早由查德给出的扩张原理是F集理论的最基本的理论之一,它是普通概念F化的重要手段。因此,关于它的推广和各种等价形式的研究是非常有意义的工作。本文把基于普通的点到点的映射的扩张原理推广到点集映射,进而又推广到F映射。得到新的扩张原理是以查德的扩张原理为特殊情形的一种统一形式。     

中国对虾(PENAEUS CHINENSIS)肝小管管壁细胞结构的研究

用透射电镜观察中国对虾肝小管。指出肝小管管壁由六种细胞（胚细胞、纤维细胞、疱状细胞、吸收细胞、侏儒细胞、肌上皮细胞）组成。描述六种细胞的超微结构，并根据各种细胞的结构特点，探讨其功能。     

基于多源遥感与再分析数据估算塔克拉玛干沙漠地表净辐射日变化

作为世界第二大流动性沙漠,塔克拉玛干沙漠独特的陆表水热交换过程直接影响中国乃至全球的大气环流运动。将静止气象卫星FY-2F地表温度产品、极地轨道卫星MODIS陆表产品与中国区域高时空分辨率地面气象要素驱动数据集（CMFD）结合,反演得到时间分辨率为3 h、空间辨率为0.1°的2017年塔克拉玛干沙漠地表净辐射,利用塔中气象站观测值验证反演结果,并分析地表净辐射的时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）利用卫星遥感与再分析资料获取的地表特征参数与实测值误差较小,决定系数R²均在0.8以上。（2）地表净辐射模拟值与地面实测值具有较好的一致性,决定系数R²为0.967,均方根误差RMSE为29.193 W·m^-2。（3）地表净辐射日变化呈现明显的单峰型特征：早晚值较低,正午值最高,并且夜间值基本为负且变化幅度不大。（4）地表净辐射夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。（5）沙漠边缘散布的绿洲和农田地区净辐射值最高,沙漠腹地次之,沙漠南缘的昆仑山和阿尔金山冰川覆盖地区净辐射值最低。     

栉孔扇贝、虾夷扇贝及其杂交子代线粒体COI和Cytb基因遗传多样性分析

为了解栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)、虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)及其杂交子代(F1)的种群遗传多样性和遗传结构,对3个群体的线粒体COI和Cytb基因的部分序列进行了扩增和分析。经比对分别获得781bp和725bp核苷酸片段,74个样本共检测到47个单倍型;F1群体的单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性及平均核苷酸差异数都是最高的,而双亲的较低;F1和栉孔扇贝间的遗传距离最小,其次为栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝群体之间,F1和虾夷扇贝群体之间的遗传距离最大;F1和栉孔扇贝之间的遗传分化系数较小而两者间的基因流比较大,F1和栉孔扇贝与虾夷扇贝之间的遗传分化系数较大而基因流较小,说明栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝群体群体很早就发生了遗传分化;采用UPGMA法和简化的中介网络法构建的系统树表明,3个群体的所有个体被分为2个族群,栉孔扇贝和F1交叉聚为一类,虾夷扇贝独自聚为一类,2个分支间没有交叉;使用特异性引物分别对3个群体进行PCR扩增检验,结果栉孔扇贝的特异引物能在杂交子代中扩增,而虾夷扇贝的特异引物不能在子代中扩增出条带,说明栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝杂交,其子代的线粒体遗传模式为严格的母系遗传。本研究结果表明杂种优势的形成与线粒体遗传多样性的变化有关。     

响应面法优化鹿角菜中岩藻多糖的提取工艺

在单因素试验的基础上,利用Box-Benhnken中心组合实验设计,采用响应面法对鹿角菜(Pelvetia siliquosa)中岩藻多糖的提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,液料比、水浴温度和水浴时间对岩藻多糖提取率均有显著影响;最佳提取工艺条件为:液料比(m L/g)32、水浴温度90℃、水浴时间8.4 h,此时岩藻多糖最高提取率为5.2005%,与理论值5.2153%相比,相对误差很小。响应面模型与实际情况拟合良好,采用响应面法对鹿角菜中岩藻多糖提取条件进行优化合理可行。     

Application of copulas for derivation of drought severity–duration–frequency curves

This study presents copula‐based multivariate probabilistic approach to model severity–duration–frequency (S‐D‐F) relationship of drought events in western Rajasthan, India. Drought occurrences are analysed using standardized precipitation index computed on monthly mean areal precipitation, aggregated at a time scale of 6 months. After testing with a series of probability density functions, the drought variable severity is found to be better represented with log‐normal distribution, whereas duration is well fitted with exponential distribution. Four different classes of bivariate copulas – Archimedean, extreme value, Plackett, and elliptical families are evaluated for modelling joint distribution of drought characteristics. It is observed that the extreme value copula – Gumbel–Hougaard copula – performed better as compared with other classes of copulas, based on results of various statistical tests and upper tail dependence coefficient. The joint distribution obtained from best performing copula is then employed to determine conditional return period and to derive drought severity‐duration‐frequency (S‐D‐F) curves for the study region. The results of the study suggests that the copula method can be used effectively to derive the drought S‐D‐F curves, which can be helpful in planning and adopting suitable drought mitigation strategies in drought‐prone areas. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reuniting the “head hunted” Corythosaurus excavatus (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) holotype skull with its dentary and postcranium

A Corythosaurus skull (UALVP 13) was collected in 1920 from what is now Dinosaur Provincial Park in southern Alberta, Canada and was designated the holotype of Corythosaurus excavatus, a new hadrosaur species by Gilmore (1923). In 1992, a previously uncovered, weathered, headless skeleton was found. This was collected in 2012 by the University of Alberta as there was potential it could belong to the holotype skull. In addition, an isolated hadrosaur dentary had been found in 1992 close to the articulated postcranial skeleton and may be one of the missing jaws of Corythosaurus excavatus. The hypothesis that it may be the skeleton of the holotype of Corythosaurus excavatus is tested using anatomical information and statistical analyses. Statistical comparisons suggest it is possible that the skull and dentary belong to the same specimen. Furthermore, bivariate plots and percentage prediction errors also indicate that the postcranial material could belong to the UALVP 13 skull. Because many large vertebrate fossil specimens (even types) are not always collected in their entirety, this method may be used as a line of evidence to determine whether independently collected specimens potentially belong to the same individual. The problems described herein highlight the need to collect specimens in their entirety, and for good field documentation, including the spatial and stratigraphic context of all finds.     

磁暴期内夜间h’F的突增现象

用3个经度链上电离层垂测站资料分析磁暴时夜间h＇F的同时突增现象提出了电动耦合在夜间出现东向电场从而使F层抬升的物理机制同时也解释了突增现象在午夜后更多,且增幅更强的事实．     

广西栗木锡-铌-钽矿床中氟的作用及地表找矿评价标志

广西栗木多金属矿从上到下除有长石石英脉型锡-钨矿床、花岗伟晶岩脉型锡-钽-铌矿床外,还有含锡、铌、钽花岗岩原生矿床。本次对矿区内的地层、岩体、矿体中氟含量进行了研究并结合实验资料,认为燕山早期复式花岗岩体中富含的氟是成矿元素W、Sn、Nb、Ta的重要携带剂,对W、Sn、Nb、Ta从岩浆熔体中分出、迁移、富集及矿化分带起了重要作用,氟虽是寻找盲矿体的重要远程指示元素之一,但氟不是成矿元素,含矿岩体地表岩石中通常除有F、Be强异常外,W、Sn、Cu、Li等元素还会形成强异常组合;含矿岩体地表萤石-云母细脉带中硼（F）-般〉30000×10^-5,W（Be）〉1000×10^-6,W（Sn）〉300×10^-6,ω（W＋Sn）〉400×10^-6,F／（W＋Sn）和F／Sn〈110;含矿岩体地表长石石英脉带中W（F）〉10000×10^-6,ω（W）〉80×10^-6,W（Sn）〉500×10^-6,F／（W＋Sn）和F／Sn〈50;不合矿岩体的地表岩石及细脉带中各指标含量则与之相反。