俯冲带的负浮力及其影响因素

基于Ｍｕｒｎａｇｈａｎ－Ｂｉｒｃｈ状态方程,计算了密度Ｐ、热膨胀系数ａｖ、定压比热ｃｐ等物性参数在上地幔温压条件下的分布,给出了热传导系数ｋ在上地幔温压条件下的分布．采用准动力学计算方案,用有限元方法计算了板块不同俯冲速度、角度、不同厚度及不同俯冲深度情况下俯冲带的温度分布和密度分布．计算了不同俯冲模型下俯冲带的负浮力及其对岩石层板块形成的等效应力,发现负浮力在俯冲过程中是变化的,俯冲速度和板块厚度对其有明显的影响,在稳定俯冲状态,负浮力约为（１．５－２．３）×１０１３Ｎｍ－１,等效张应力约为０．２５－０．２９Ｇｐａ．     

Spatial and temporal variability of daily precipitation in Haihe River basin, 1958–2007

The seasonal variability and spatial distribution of precipitation are the main cause of flood and drought events. The study of spatial distribution and temporal trend of precipitation in river basins has been paid more and more attention. However, in China, the precipitation data are measured by weather stations (WS) of China Meteorological Administration and hydrological rain gauges (RG) of national and local hydrology bureau. The WS data usually have long record with fewer stations, while the RG data usually have short record with more stations. The consistency and correlation of these two data sets have not been well understood. In this paper, the precipitation data from 30 weather stations for 1958–2007 and 248 rain gauges for 1995–2004 in the Haihe River basin are examined and compared using linear regression, 5-year moving average, Mann-Kendall trend analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Z test and F test methods. The results show that the annual precipitation from both WS and RG records are normally distributed with minor difference in the mean value and variance. It is statistically feasible to extend the precipitation of RG by WS data sets. Using the extended precipitation data, the detailed spatial distribution of the annual and seasonal precipitation amounts as well as their temporal trends are calculated and mapped. The various distribution maps produced in the study show that for the whole basin the precipitation of 1958–2007 has been decreasing except for spring season. The decline trend is significant in summer, and this trend is stronger after the 1980s. The annual and seasonal precipitation amounts and changing trends are different in different regions and seasons. The precipitation is decreasing from south to north, from coastal zone to inland area.     

On the lack of cold dust in IRAS P09104+4109 and IRAS F15307+3252: their spectral energy distributions and implications for finding dusty AGNs at high redshift

We present upper limits on the 850-μm and 450-μm fluxes of the warm hyperluminous (bolometric luminosity     galaxies IRAS P09104+4109     and IRAS F15307+3252     , derived from measurements using the SCUBA bolometer array on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. Hot luminous infrared sources like these are thought to differ from more normal cold ultraluminous infrared     galaxies in that they derive most of their bolometric luminosities from dusty active galactic nuclei (AGNs) as opposed to starbursts. Such hot, dusty AGNs at high redshift are thought to be responsible for much of the mass accretion of the Universe that is in turn responsible for the formation of the supermassive black holes seen in the centres of local galaxies. The galaxy IRAS P09104+4109 is also unusual in that it is a cD galaxy in the centre of a substantial cooling-flow cluster, not an isolated interacting galaxy like most ultraluminous infrared galaxies. Previously it was known to have large amounts of hot     dust from IRAS observations. We now show that the contribution of cold dust to the bolometric luminosity is less than 3 per cent. Most ultraluminous infrared galaxies possess large amounts of cold dust, and it is now known that some cooling-flow cluster cD galaxies do as well. Yet this object, which is an extreme example of both, does not have enough cold gas to contribute significantly to the bolometric luminosity. We outline physical reasons why this could have happened. We then provide a discussion of strategies for finding hot dusty AGNs, given the limitations on submillimetre surveys implied by this work.     

沉降监测数据管理与分析系统的研制

沉降监测是对变形监测体进行定期的观测，然后应用平差和数理统计理论,对观测数据进行分析、判断。在简要叙述了沉降监测的基本原理上，给出了沉降监测数据管理及分析系统的结构，并对各模块的功能作了简单的介绍。     

兴蒙造山带及华北板块北缘钼矿化——进展、规律、问题与成因初探

兴蒙造山带及其南侧受古亚洲洋南向俯冲所影响的华北板块北缘内各有1条显著的中生代斑岩钼成矿带,并在东西两侧首尾相连。文章综述了伸展环境下的斑岩钼矿床的研究进展,对兴蒙造山带及华北板块北缘内这2条钼成矿带的成矿背景、分布规律、矿床共生组合特点、成矿岩浆的属性、巨量金属和水的来源以及斑岩铜、钼矿化的异同等进行了总结,并从成矿岩浆源区塑造过程的角度初步探讨了巨型钼成矿带的形成特点。这2条钼成矿带在地质特征和区域矿床组合上非常相似,具有相似的启动时间和峰值时间,与区域内的斑岩铜矿化在时代上具有不共生的特点,矿化特征也与美国科罗拉多地区产出的高F型斑岩钼化类似,二者构成了统一的整体。元素地球化学对比研究显示,南、北2条钼成矿带的成矿岩浆与古生代斑岩铜成矿岩浆以及中生代的碱性岩浆均具有相似的特征,为脱水熔融的产物,并与古老陆下岩石圈地幔包体、新生代软流圈地幔玄武岩具有显著的差别。研究认为,南钼矿带的岩浆源区是亏损金属和水的古老岩浆源区在古生代洋片俯冲过程脱水交代改造后的产物,北钼矿带的岩浆源区是古生代洋片俯冲增生形成的富水源区。成(含)矿岩石Sr同位素研究显示,南、北2条钼成矿带成矿源区均启动于Rb/Sr比值较低的源区,受到上部高Rb/Sr比值地壳的混染;Nd同位素特征的对比研究显示,二者初始Nd值差别极大,但是Sm/Nd比值非常相似,显示放射性成因Nd的积累在三叠纪以后是一致的,也说明初始Nd值的差别是成矿源区塑造前所形成和继承的,同时也说明初始Nd值的差异可能掩盖了Mo成矿岩浆形成的真正原因。通过与世界范围内其他典型钼成矿带的对比研究,认为南、北2条钼成矿带成矿的岩浆源区位于陆下岩石圈地幔,古生代期间古亚洲洋向南、北两侧的俯冲在其形成过程中具有重要作用,主要体现在塑造富集型源区、水化造山带和增厚岩石圈等几个方面。俯冲改造、加厚并富集了水和大离子亲石元素的陆下岩石圈获得了地球化学上的不稳定性,在伸展构造环境(可能有多期伸展)驱动下,脱水熔融以达到稳定的趋势,在这个过程中,其化学成分将逐渐与古老陆下岩石圈地幔的化学成分趋于一致。因此,水化的陆下岩石圈地幔在伸展过程中的低程度批式脱水部分熔融,形成的富含金属和水的高分异型岩浆构成了成矿岩浆,并在岩石圈的不同尺度经过多阶段结晶分异-同化混染后,就位成为近矿岩浆房。陆下岩石圈脱水熔融的结束也意味着巨型热液钼矿化作用的结束,并决定了俯冲后巨型热液成矿带总的生命周期,这也与兴蒙造山带及华北板块北缘钼矿化(甚至其他热液型矿化)在早白垩世(约130 Ma)趋于减弱并熄灭的现象一致,也使得新生代的碱性岩浆岩不具有显著的脱水熔融特征。综上,笔者认为兴蒙造山带及华北板块北缘的斑岩钼矿化为一个统一的整体,属于古亚洲洋俯冲作用水化的源区在后期强烈伸展环境下部分熔融的产物,是古亚洲洋俯冲成矿作用的延续和发展,也是古生代塑造的富集型源区在中生代伸展构造驱动下的复合成矿作用。     

Metalliferous Sediment and a Silica-Hematite Deposit within the Blanco Fracture Zone,Northeast Pacific

A Tiburon ROV dive within the East Blanco Depression (EBD) increased the mapped extent of a known hydrothermal field by an order of magnitude. In addition, a unique opal-CT (cristobalite-tridymite)-hematite mound was discovered, and mineralized sediments and rock were collected and analyzed. Silica-hematite mounds have not previously been found on the deep ocean floor. The light-weight rock of the porous mound consists predominantly of opal-CT and hematite filaments, rods, and strands, and averages 77.8% SiO₂ and 11.8% Fe₂O₃. The hematite and opal-CT precipitated from a low-temperature (≥ 115° C), strongly oxidized, silica- and iron-rich, sulfur-poor hydrothermal fluid; a bacterial mat provided the framework for precipitation.

Samples collected from a volcaniclastic rock outcrop consist primarily of quartz with lesser plagioclase, smectite, pyroxene, and sulfides; SiO₂ content averages 72.5%. Formation of these quartz-rich samples is best explained by cooling in an up-flow zone of silica-rich hydrothermal fluids within a low permeability system. Opal-A, opal-CT, and quartz mineralization found in different places within the EBD hydrothermal field likely reflects decreasing silica saturation and increasing temperature of the mineralizing fluid with increasing silica crystallinity.

Six push cores recovered gravel, coarse sand, and mud mineralized variously by Fe or Mn oxides, silica, and sulfides. Total rare-earth element concentrations are low for both the rock and push core samples. Ce and Eu anomalies reflect high and low temperature hydrothermal components and detrital phases.

A remarkable variety of types of mineralization occur within the EBD field, yet a consistent suite of elements is enriched (relative to basalt and unmineralized cores) in all samples analyzed: Ag, Au, S, Mo, Hg, As, Sb, Sr, and U; most samples are also enriched in Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn. On the basis of these element enrichments, the EBD hydrothermal field might best be described as a base- and precious-metal-bearing, silica-Fe-oxide-barite deposit. Such deposits are commonly spatially and temporally associated with volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) ores. A plot of data for pathfinder elements shows a large hot spot at the northwestern margin of the field, which may mark a region where moderate to high temperature sulfide deposits are forming at depth; further exploration of the hydrothermal field to the northwest is warranted.     

CLM在淮河流域数值模拟试验

文中利用 1998年HUCEX资料对CommonLandModel(CLM )的模拟能力进行了验证。结果表明 ,CLM不但能够较好地模拟陆 气间各种能量通量 ,而且还能模拟出土壤中温度的时空分布特征。春季 ,CLM对潜热模拟偏高 ,从而引起土壤温度模拟偏低 ;而在夏季 ,潜热模拟偏低 ,在旱地下垫面由于净辐射模拟偏低使土壤温度的模拟仍然偏低 ,水田下垫面的土壤温度模拟趋向合理。夏季的水田无论在对大气的能量输送还是土壤的温度分布上 ,都有其特殊性 ,需在陆面模式中予以特殊的考虑。     

L2TP Windows 客户端驱动程序设计

第二层通道协议（L2TP）是通过对PPP协议封装以适用于多种媒介的一个协议。它也描述了如何用UDP包对PPP协议进行封装。L2TP的最基本的两个应用是：①建立VPN连接；②实现拨号设备和拨号终端。L2TP协议由两个部分组成：L2TP访问集中器（LAC）和L2TP网络服务器（LNS）。LAC是物理上终结一个调用的设备，LNS是处理和认证PPP流的设备。作者在本文中描述了如何在WIN9X下实现L2TP协议。