A semi‐distributed parallel‐type linear reservoir rainfall‐runoff model and its application in Taiwan

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a semi‐distributed parallel surface rainfall‐runoff conceptual model. In this paper, a general solution of the instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) has been derived successfully for N linearly connected reservoirs, each having a different storage constant. The solution is a function of geomorphologic parameters, meteorologic factors and roughness coefficients. The model also takes into account the hydrologic response which is influenced by outflow downstream of a reservoir. For calibration, the shuffled complex evolution (SCE) algorithm is used to search for the global optimal parameters of the model. Because of the parallel structure, the mean roughness parameter of the channel becomes a “conceptual” parameter without a real physical meaning. To evaluate the adaptability of the model adopted, three watersheds around the city of Taipei in Taiwan were chosen to test the effectiveness of the model. The study provides an appropriate rainfall‐runoff model for planning flood mitigation in Taiwan. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Model prediction capacity of ephemeral gully evolution in conservation tillage systems

Ephemeral gully (EG) erosion has an important impact on agricultural soil losses and increases field surface hydrology connectivity and transport of pollutants to nearby water bodies. Watershed models including an EG component are scarce and not yet properly evaluated. The objective of this study is to evaluate the capacity of one such tool, AnnAGNPS, to simulate the evolution of two EG formed in a conservation tillage system. The dataset for model testing included runoff measurements and EG morphological characteristics during 3 years. Model evaluation focused on EG evolution of volume, width, and length model outputs, and included calibration and testing phases and a global sensitivity analysis (GSA). While the model did not fully reproduce width and length, the model efficiency to simulate EG volume was satisfactory for both calibration and testing phases, supporting the watershed management objectives of the model. GSA revealed that the most sensitive factors were EG depth, critical shear stress, headcut detachment exponent coefficient b, and headcut detachment leading coefficient a. For EG outputs the model was additive, showing low sensitivity to interactions between the inputs. Prediction of EG spatial evolution on conservation tillage systems requires improved development of gully erosion components, since many of the processes were developed originally for traditional tillage practices or larger channel systems. Our results identify the need for future research when EG form within conservation tillage systems, in particular to study gully headcut, soil erodibility, and width functions specific to these practices.     

MTMD对建筑结构多模态控制的减震分析

本文研究了MTMD对建筑结构多模态减震控制。将主结构简化为多自由度模型，MTMD对结构的反力与地震荷载共同作为结构的荷载输入进行分析；基于主结构多模态耦合进行推导分析，阐述了MTMD与结构之间的相互作用关系，提出MTMD的复惯性质量。提出MTMD的控制类型是加速度相关型的无源被动控制。从频域传递函数，白噪声、宽带和窄带地震激励下的结构相对位移和绝对加速度谱密度，以及El-centro地震波作用下结构的地震响应三个方面，分析了MTMD对顶部带有结构附属物的结构的控制效果。并且给出TMD的控制效果加以比较验证。算例说明MTMD多模态控制对结构的相对位移和绝对加速度均有较好的控制效果，并且优于TMD控制效果。     

结构平稳随机地震反应时域分析:方法

给出了三种常用的随机地震地面运动过程模型,即理想白噪声模型、金井清模型、改进金井清模型的相关函数表达式.引入状态向量,在状态空间中建立地震地面运动激励下的结构振动方程,并求解出结构的复模态特性和复模态反应.利用复模态叠加法推导出线性时不变多自由度体系在这三种随机地震动激励下的平稳协方差反应的解析式,可在时域内直接计算结构随机反应的统计特征.该方法物理概念清晰,结论简便明确,可作为实际工程结构平稳随机地震反应的实用分析方法.     

Adsorption of As on hydroxy-Fe-montmorillonite complexes

DOI: 10.1360/03yd0553 Arsenic, a toxic element, is ubiquitous in the earth’s crust and may lead to health risks for humans. This may come about as a result of oxidative weathering and dissolution of As-containing minerals, use of ar-senical pesticides, excess use of some fertilizers and from mine drainage, smelter wastes and agricultural drainage water from certain arid regions. The dis-solved inorganic arsenic is transported in surface or2156 Science in China Ser. D Earth Sciences groun…     

Holocene lake-level fluctuations and beach-ridge development along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, USA

Geomorphology of a beach-ridge complex and adjacent lake basins along the northern shore of Lake Michigan records fluctuations in the level of Lake Michigan for the last 8000 to 10 000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. (radiocarbon years Before Present). A storm berm at 204.7–206 m (671.6–675.9 ft) exposed in a sandpit provides evidence of a pre-Chippewa Low lake level that is correlated with dropping water levels of Glacial Lake Algonquin (c. 10 300–10 100 ¹⁴C yr B.P.). Radiocarbon dates from organic material exposed in a river cutbank and basal sediments from Elbow Lake, Mackinac Co., Michigan, indicate a maximum age of a highstand of Lake Michigan at 6900 ¹⁴C yr B.P., which reached as high as 196.7 m (645 ft), during the early-Nipissing transgression of Lake Michigan. Basal radiocarbon dates from beach swales and a second lake site (Beaverhouse Lake, Mackinac Co.) provide geomorphic evidence for a subsequent highstand which reached 192.6 m (632 ft) at 5390±70 ¹⁴C yr B.P.Basal radiocarbon dates from a transect of sediment cores, along with tree-ring data, and General Land Office Surveyor notes of a shipwreck, c. A.D. 1846, reveal a late-Holocene rate for isostatic rebound of 22.6 cm/100 radiocarbon years (0.74 ft/100 radiocarbon years) for the northern shore of Lake Michigan, relative to the Lake Michigan-Lake Huron outlet at Port Huron, Michigan. Changes in sediment stratigraphy, inter-ridge distance, and sediment accumulation rates document a mid- to late-Holocene retreat of the shoreline due to isostatic rebound. This regression sequence was punctuated by brief, periodic highstands, resulting in progressive development over the past 5400 ¹⁴C yr of 75 pairs of dune ridges and swales each formed over an interval of approximately 72 years. Times of lake-level fluctuation were identified at 3900, 3200, and 1000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. based on changes in inter-ridge spacing, shifts in the course of Millecoquins River, and reorientation of beach-ridge lineation. Soil type, dune development, and selected pollen data provide supporting evidence for this chronology. Late-Holocene beach-ridge development and lake-level fluctuations are related to a retreat of the dominant Pacific airmass and the convergence of the Arctic and Tropical airmasses resulting in predominantly meridional rather than zonal air flow across the Great Lakes region.This is the 13th in a series of papers published in this special AMQUA issue. These papers were presented at the 1994 meeting of the American Quaternary Association held 19–22 June, 1994, at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Dr Linda C. K. Shane served as guest editor for these papers.     

渭河下游河道调整过程中的复杂响应现象

应用系统复杂响应的原理研究三门峡水库上游渭河河道调整过程,表明上游河道河床形态对基面上升所作出的响应是复杂的,弯曲系数的变化为先减小而后增大,宽深比的变化是先增大后减小,比降由先减小而后增大,最后均趋于稳定.     

作为CAS的复杂城市地理系统的SOC性质

将城市作为复杂适应性系统(CAS)研究其自组织临界性(SOC)具有重要的理论意义和实践价值,这方面的探索工作刚刚开始。本文从城市的地理空间角度出发,论证城市是一种复杂适应性系统。城市在本质上是不可还原的,我们可以根据积木的机制将城市分解,但分解的结果对解释城市的复杂行为丝毫没有帮助。由于城市和城市体系都具有分形结构、服从Z ipf定律,且具有1/f噪声的特征,由此判断城市地理系统具有自组织临界性质。自组织临界性与复杂性适应性立论的视角不同,但可以统一于“混沌的边缘”这一概念。     

我国西部生态退化的社会经济分析--以川西为例

导致川西生态退化主要原因是经济发展水平低，人口超过环境容量，农村生产方式和生活方式落后，以柴、粪为薪、天然放牧，陡坡垦殖，砍伐森林等导致植被破坏，草场退化，水土流失，据此，对川西的区域资源优势，川西较低密度人口，川西资源开发和支柱产业选择应重新评价和定位。进行川西生态建设，实施可持续发展战略，必须营造开放的社会－经济－自然复合系统的耗散结构，构造社会、经济发展与生态建设协调的有序结构和机制。同时，较彻底地改造农林牧生态系统，开创与生态协调的农业结构，生产模式，种植模式和管理模式，进行农牧区社区建设，根除刀耕火种，陡坡垦殖，游牧的社会基础。