鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)胁迫的响应

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(dimethyl phthalate,DMP)是近海环境有机污染物之一,不仅对海洋生物造成毒害,且能在生物体内富集和放大,对海洋生态系统形成严重威胁。本文以鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)为研究对象,通过测定比生长速率、叶绿素a含量、光合和呼吸速率、光合基因rbcL转录水平上的相对表达量等指标,研究了鼠尾藻对不同浓度DMP的响应。结果表明,低浓度的DMP(0.lmg/L)短时间内(≤15d)能促进鼠尾藻的生长和叶绿素a的合成,并使藻体的光合作用增强,诱导光合基因rbcL的表达,而在高浓度DMP(≥0.3mg/L)的作用下,鼠尾藻的生长速率、光合和呼吸速率、rbcL基因的表达量均随着暴露时间的延长呈明显下降趋势,且DMP浓度越高,降幅越大。以上研究结果对了解DMP对鼠尾藻胁迫的影响机制奠定了基础,为保护海洋经济藻类的养殖环境提供了理论依据。     

不同氮、磷浓度及配比对铜藻(Sargassum horneri)幼苗生长的影响

采用铜藻(Sargassum horneri)幼苗为实验对象,分别以Na NO3和Na H2PO4为氮源和磷源,研究了不同氮磷质量浓度及氮磷配比对铜藻幼苗生长的影响。进行了氮、磷单因子实验、双因子实验以及不同氮磷配比实验,实验时间为8d。结果表明:氮和磷对铜藻幼苗生长影响极显著(P0.01),且当氮、磷的质量浓度分别为8mg/L、0.4mg/L时,铜藻幼苗的特定生长率最大;交互作用影响不显著(P0.05),不同质量浓度的氮为主效应;不同氮磷质量浓度比影响极显著(P0.01),且当氮磷比为10:1时,铜藻幼苗的特定生长率最大。研究结果为铜藻幼苗培育过程中营养盐的合理调控提供了理论依据。     

周期性饥饿再投喂对曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella japonica)幼体生长、体组成及氨基酸和脂肪酸的影响

采用持续投喂(对照组C)和周期性饥饿1d再投喂5d(S1F5)、周期性饥饿2d再投喂4d(S2F4)、周期性饥饿3d再投喂3d(S3F3)4种投喂策略,研究了周期性饥饿再投喂对曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella japonica)幼体(10.16±0.25g)的生长、体组成、氨基酸和脂肪酸的影响。结果表明:S3F3处理组中体重增重率、胴体长增长率及成活率三个指标均分别显著低于对照组C(P0.05),而S1F5和S2F4处理组三个指标均与对照组C差异不显著(P0.05)。另外,随着周期性饥饿时间的延长,体组成水分含量呈显著上升趋势(P0.05),而粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均呈显著下降趋势(P0.05),灰分含量变化不显著(P0.05)。三个处理组中氨基酸总量(T)、必需氨基酸总量(E)均与对照组C差异不显著(P0.05);EPA、DPA和DHA含量均与对照组C差异不显著(P0.05)。综合上述结果表明,S1F5和S2F4组的曼氏无针乌贼幼体均出现了完全补偿生长,并且对其营养组成没有影响,建议曼氏无针乌贼幼体的最佳投喂模式为周期性饥饿2d再投喂4d。     

南极普里兹湾海域湍流扩散系数估计

基于Thorpe尺度方法,利用CTD数据,计算了南极普里兹湾海域的Thorpe尺度和湍流扩散系数,分析了观测区域(64°～69°S,66°～80°E)湍流翻转现象的强弱及分布。结果表明,在海底和地形粗糙区存在较大的Thorpe尺度(较强湍流翻转)和湍流扩散系数,湍流扩散系数最大值能达到10^-2m²/s量级,比平坦开阔海洋高2～3个数量级,部分观测站位的湍流扩散系数和湍动能耗散率表现出大-小-大的垂向分布结构,总水深较深的区域尤为明显;深水区域的浮力频率在海表面到500 m层比较大,浅水区域该现象不明显;湍动能耗散率在(67.25°S,73°E)周围和经度为78°E的各站位都表现相对较大,能达到10^-6 w/kg量级,个别站位甚至能达到10^-5 w/kg量级。     

利用限制性最大似然方法和贝叶斯方法估计大菱鲆生长性状的遗传参数。

Bayesian and restricted maximum likelihood(REML) approaches were used to estimate the genetic parameters in a cultured turbot Scophthalmus maximus stock. The data set consisted of harvest body weight from 2 462progenies(17 months old) from 28 families that were produced through artificial insemination using 39 parent fish. An animal model was applied to partition each weight value into a fixed effect, an additive genetic effect, and a residual effect. The average body weight of each family, which was measured at 110 days post-hatching, was considered as a covariate. For Bayesian analysis, heritability and breeding values were estimated using both the posterior mean and mode from the joint posterior conditional distribution. The results revealed that for additive genetic variance, the posterior mean estimate( δ_a~2=9 320) was highest but with the smallest residual variance,REML estimates( δ_a~2=8 088) came second and the posterior mode estimate( δ_a~2=7 849) was lowest. The corresponding three heritability estimates followed the same trend as additive genetic variance and they were all high. The Pearson correlations between each pair of the three estimates of breeding values were all high,particularly that between the posterior mean and REML estimates(0.996 9). These results reveal that the differences between Bayesian and REML methods in terms of estimation of heritability and breeding values were small. This study provides another feasible method of genetic parameter estimation in selective breeding programs of turbot.     

海洋产业结构变动对海洋经济效率影响研究

产业结构变动对经济增长影响已经得到了现代经济增长理论的肯定,但是产业结构变动对经济增长效率的影响一直是学术界没有解决的问题。目前中国已经进入了中等收入国家,粗放式增长逐渐结束,集约式增长越来越受到重视。文章基于海洋产业,研究了海洋产业结构变动对经济增长效率的影响,将海洋产业结构变动具体量化,分为海洋产业结构高级化和合理化;其次运用海洋产业全要素生产率来衡量海洋经济增长效率,通过从海洋生产函数中剔除初级要素带来的海洋经济增长效率得出海洋产业全要素生产率;同时计算出海洋产业劳动和资本的生产效率;最后收集了1996—2015年全国沿海11个省、市、自治区的数据,运用混合面板数据模型来研究海洋产业结构高级化和合理化对海洋经济增长效率的影响。研究发现海洋产业结构合理化和高级化对海洋经济增长具有正面影响,对于未来发展海洋经济提出了提高海洋产业技术来提高海洋产业结构优化,从而使得海洋经济发展走上集约式增长之路。     

人工砾石海滩变化及输移率研究

在我国采用砾石海滩在某些强动力区域进行海滩养护是一种新的尝试,具有很好的适用性。以厦门天泉湾人工砾石滩为研究对象,对2015年至2016年间10条海滩剖面开展了5次周期性监测,通过综合分析,得出在人工砾石滩竣工完成后的一年时间内,滩肩外沿线、岸线及滩面底角的砂砾分界线大幅度后退,滩肩宽度变窄;滩肩外沿线明显隆起,形成滩肩脊线;滩面坡度变大,且上游侧海滩的滩面普遍比下游侧海滩的滩面陡,一年后,岸滩整体变化趋于稳定。针对砾石滩不断向西南方向运移的现状,采用Leo C.van Rijn输移率公式计算砾石滩年平均输移率,并通过测量断面法、体积变化量法对Leo C.van Rijn公式计算结果进行验证,得出砾石滩年平均输移率的范围约为1 015.66~2 392.5 m~3/a。     

珠江口海域春季富营养化现状与影响分析

随着珠江三角洲经济圈的迅速发展,珠江口海域环境污染日趋严重,于2014年春季对珠江口邻近海域进行环境现状调查,并通过因子分析法和聚类分析法就珠江口调查海域管辖城市和邻近区域的环境现状对珠江口海域环境污染的贡献率进行排序和分类.结果表明:珠江口调查海域营养盐污染较为严重,无机氮含量范围为0.213~1.963 mg/dm~3,平均值为0.888 mg/dm~3;活性磷酸盐含量范围为0.009~0.063 mg/dm~3,平均值为0.033 mg/dm~3.无机氮和活性磷酸盐在珠江口上游和中游均超过海水水质第四类标准,珠江口下游无机氮含量符合海水水质第四类标准,活性磷酸盐含量符合海水水质第二类标准.无机氮以硝氮为主,氨氮次之,亚硝氮含量最低.珠江口调查海域DIN/P变化范围为8.5~168.0,平均值为31.8;富营养化指数E变化范围为0.3~45.1,平均值为8.2,富营养化较为严重.来自广州、东莞、佛山、中山的四大口门排入的污染物对珠江口海域环境影响最大,其次是深圳西部海域沿岸和前海湾、深圳湾排入的污染物,最后是珠海、澳门和香港带入的污染物.从珠江口邻近海域环境现状对珠江口海域环境影响进行较为深入地分析和探讨,为珠江口海域环境的治理和修复提供一些意见和建议.     

pH值对单环刺螠呼吸排泄的影响

为研究pH值对单环刺螠(Urechis unicinctus)呼吸排泄的影响,采用静水密封法,研究了不同pH值(5、6、7、8、9)对体质量5.65±1.06g单环刺螠耗氧率、排氨率、能量代谢率、O/N值的影响.结果表明,pH值对单环刺螠耗氧率、排氨率、能量代谢率、O/N值均有显著影响(p0.05).单环刺螠耗氧率随pH值的升高而增大,pH值为8时达到最大值,之后随pH值的升高而减小.单环刺螠耗氧率与pH值之间的拟合方程为:OR=-2.977X2+55.188X-176.380,R2=0.937.单环刺螠排氨率的变化与耗氧率相似,在pH值为7时排氨率达到最大值;pH值为9时排氨率最小,与pH值为8的组差异不显著(p0.05).排氨率与pH值之间的拟合方程为:NR=-0.350X2+4.442X-6.822,R2=0.724.单环刺螠能量代谢率、O/N值均随pH值的升高呈先增大后减小的趋势,拟合方程分别为:M=-0.040X2+0.424X-0.044,R2=0.937;A=0.053X2+1.879X-7.470,R2=0.901.pH值为8的环境中,单环刺螠体内蛋白质代谢水平最低,有利于蛋白质的积累.研究表明,单环刺螠在一定pH值范围内可以通过调整生理代谢水平适应水体pH值,其适宜生活在弱碱性水中,生存最适pH值为8.     

Analysis of bycatch in the South African midwater trawl fishery for horse mackerel Trachurus capensis based on observer data

The South African midwater trawl fishery targets adult horse mackerel Trachurus capensis. The bulk of the catch is taken by a single freezer-trawler, the biggest fishing vessel operating in South African waters. As fishing takes place off the south coast in ecologically sensitive areas, there are concerns about the potential impacts of this fishing operation on non-target species. Fishing behaviour and bycatch of this fishery from 2004 to 2014 were investigated by analysing observer records with regard to catch composition, volume and temporal and spatial patterns. The midwater trawl fishery was estimated to have caught 25 415 tonnes annually, with a bycatch of 6.9% of the total catch, by weight. There are species overlaps with various fisheries, namely the demersal trawl, small-pelagic, line, shark longline and squid fisheries, yet the total bycatch estimates from this fishery are generally small relative to catches taken in the target fisheries. Bycatch species with the highest average annual catches were chub mackerel Scomber japonicus, redeye roundherring Etrumeus whiteheadi, ribbonfish Lepidopus caudatus and hake Merluccius spp. Large-fauna bycatch species included sunfish Mola mola as well as a number of CITES II- and IUCN-listed species, such as Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus, dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus, smooth hammerhead shark Sphyrna zygaena and thresher sharks Alopias spp. The 97.9% observer coverage is high and the 6.9% bycatch rate low compared to other South African fisheries; however, due to the large size of the individual hauls (average of 46.3 t), the average sampling rate of 1.56% is low. Our analyses suggest that bycatch in the South African midwater trawl fishery has been lower than in other South African fisheries and similar fisheries elsewhere, but due to the combination of high catch volumes and low sampling rates, estimation errors for rare species are high and there is a substantial risk of incidental unmonitored bycatch of rare large fauna and aggregations of small fauna. This could be mitigated by spatio-temporal management of this fishery, to avoid fishing in high-risk areas, and the introduction of an electronic monitoring programme.