Multi‐method virtual electromagnetic experiments for developing suitable monitoring designs: A fictitious CO2 sequestration scenario in Northern Germany

We present a numerical study for 3D time‐lapse electromagnetic monitoring of a fictitious CO₂ sequestration using the geometry of a real geological site and a suite of suitable electromagnetic methods with different source/receiver configurations and different sensitivity patterns. All available geological information is processed and directly implemented into the computational domain, which is discretized by unstructured tetrahedral grids. We thus demonstrate the performance capability of our numerical simulation techniques. The scenario considers a CO₂ injection in approximately 1100 m depth. The expected changes in conductivity were inferred from preceding laboratory measurements. A resistive anomaly is caused within the conductive brines of the undisturbed reservoir horizon. The resistive nature of the anomaly is enhanced by the CO₂ dissolution regime, which prevails in the high‐salinity environment. Due to the physicochemical properties of CO₂, the affected portion of the subsurface is laterally widespread but very thin. We combine controlled‐source electromagnetics, borehole transient electromagnetics, and the direct‐current resistivity method to perform a virtual experiment with the aim of scrutinizing a set of source/receiver configurations with respect to coverage, resolution, and detectability of the anomalous CO₂ plume prior to the field survey. Our simulation studies are carried out using the 3D codes developed in our working group. They are all based on linear and higher order Lagrange and Nédélec finite‐element formulations on unstructured grids, providing the necessary flexibility with respect to the complex real‐world geometry. We provide different strategies for addressing the accuracy of numerical simulations in the case of arbitrary structures. The presented computations demonstrate the expected great advantage of positioning transmitters or receivers close to the target. For direct‐current geoelectrics, 50% change in electric potential may be detected even at the Earth's surface. Monitoring with inductive methods is also promising. For a well‐positioned surface transmitter, more than 10% difference in the vertical electric field is predicted for a receiver located 200 m above the target. Our borehole transient electromagnetics results demonstrate that traditional transient electromagnetics with a vertical magnetic dipole source is not well suited for monitoring a thin horizontal resistive target. This is due to the mainly horizontal current system, which is induced by a vertical magnetic dipole.     

雷暴天气过程中降水结构与闪电活动特征个例研究

为深入分析四川雷暴天气过程中降水和闪电活动特征,运用统计与对比方法,对四川东南部一次雷暴过程中闪电活动及降水结构之间的特征进行研究。结果表明,强降水易发生在低层辐合,高层辐散的流场中,局部地区最大降水强度发生在2~5km高度。降水开始1h后,地闪频数达到最高,地闪主要以负地闪为主,正地闪不活跃。对闪电活动与亮温分布关系知,闪电活动主要发生在低于220K降水云内,闪电活动发生的区域与降水落区一致。对总闪与地闪的分布知,负地闪主要分布在总闪的外围。通过对四川雷暴过程的研究,对雷暴预报有一定的指导意义。     

Spectroscopic Characterization of Organic Structures and Organic‐Inorganic Interactions in Paper Mill Sludge

The organic composition and organic‐inorganic interaction in paper mill sludge (PS) solvent extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone and ethanol) and humic fractions, humic acid (HA) and humin (HU) were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), proton and carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR; ¹³C NMR), Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy (UV‐vis). The strategy of fractionating the PS, sequentially, with organic solvents of increasing polarity is a reliable analytical procedure for humic substance sample separation because it results in more purified fractions. FTIR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR results showed that hexane extract consisted mainly of aliphatic hydrocarbon structures. Their contents in the extracts decreased as the polarity of the extracting solvent increased and the content of oxygen functional groups increased. Carboxylic and carboxylate functional groups were found in the acetone extract, and ester and ether functions were predominantly found in the ethanol extract. EPR spectra revealed some Fe³⁺ complexes with rhombic structure (g₁ = 4.3; g₂ = 9.0) in the humic fractions and in all solvent extracts, except hexane. Quasi‐octahedral Fe³⁺ complexes (g = 2.3; ΔH_pp ≤ 400 G) were found in the HU fraction and in the acetone extract. The organic free radical content in the HA fraction was higher than the non‐fractionated PS sample and HU fraction.     

Incipient sediment motion based on turbulent fluctuations

The current study modifies the representation of the Shields parameter using turbulent strength,i.e.the root-mean-square(rms) fluid velocity.Experiments were done under a steady,uniform flow using eight sediment sizes with particle Reynolds numbers(Rep) ranging between 1.0(fine sediment) and 183.4(coarse sediment).Utilising the peak rms horizontal(u) values,the critical Shields parameter,θ_c,was calculated and a trend similar to the well-established Shields curve was developed.The analysis was extended to the Shields curve obtained based on the critical shear velocity,Reynolds shear stress,and data extracted fro m the oscillating grid-turbulence experiments.Results show that turbulent fluctuations are crucial for the incipient sediment motion and are essentially better predictors than the commonly used critical shear velocity.A quadrant analysis to identify the role of turbulent bursting events in incipient sediment motion also was done where sweeps and ejections are dominant for finer and coarser sediment sizes,respectively.     

Microfacies and diagenesis of older Pleistocene (pre‐last glacial maximum) reef deposits,Great Barrier Reef,Australia (IODP Expedition 325): A quantitative approach

During Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 325, 34 holes were drilled along five transects in front of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, penetrating some 700 m of late Pleistocene reef deposits (post‐glacial; largely 20 to 10 kyr bp ) in water depths of 42 to 127 m. In seven holes, drilled in water depths of 42 to 92 m on three transects, older Pleistocene (older than last glacial maximum, >20 kyr bp ) reef deposits were recovered from lower core sections. In this study, facies, diagenetic features, mineralogy and stable isotope geochemistry of 100 samples from six of the latter holes were investigated and quantified. Lithologies are dominated by grain‐supported textures, and were to a large part deposited in high‐energy, reef or reef slope environments. Quantitative analyses allow 11 microfacies to be defined, including mixed skeletal packstone and grainstone, mudstone‐wackestone, coral packstone, coral grainstone, coralline algal grainstone, coral‐algal packstone, coralline algal packstone, Halimeda grainstone, microbialite and caliche. Microbialites, that are common in cavities of younger, post‐glacial deposits, are rare in pre‐last glacial maximum core sections, possibly due to a lack of open framework suitable for colonization by microbes. In pre‐last glacial maximum deposits of holes M0032A and M0033A (>20 kyr bp ), marine diagenetic features are dominant; samples consist largely of aragonite and high‐magnesium calcite. Holes M0042A and M0057A, which contain the oldest rocks (>169 kyr bp ), are characterized by meteoric diagenesis and samples mostly consist of low‐magnesium calcite. Holes M0042A, M0055A and M0056A (>30 kyr bp ), and a horizon in the upper part of hole M0057A, contain both marine and meteoric diagenetic features. However, only one change from marine to meteoric pore water is recorded in contrast with the changes in diagenetic environment that might be inferred from the sea‐level history. Values of stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon are consistent with these findings. Samples from holes M0032A and M0033A reflect largely positive values (δ¹⁸O: ?1 to +1‰ and δ¹³C: +1 to +4‰), whereas those from holes M0042A and M0057A are negative (δ¹⁸O: ?4 to +2‰ and δ¹³C: ?8 to +2‰). Holes M0055A and M0056A provide intermediate values, with slightly positive δ¹³C, and negative δ¹⁸O values. The type and intensity of meteroric diagenesis appears to have been controlled both by age and depth, i.e. the time available for diagenetic alteration, and reflects the relation between reef deposition and sea‐level change.     

新型土钉墙支护技术在基坑工程中的应用研究

文章结合北京市某基坑支护工程实际,介绍了一种新型的地面锚拉式土钉墙支护结构的加固机理、设计计算及应用情况等.工程实践表明该项支护技术比较适合于较厚杂填土地层的深基坑工程,其技术经济效果显著.     

软土地基上的堤闸建设问题

珠江三角洲的软土分布广泛,水利建设中正在遇到大量在软土地基上的堤围加固,穿堤涵闸的建设问题,其中最主要的技术难题是软基处理的问题。本文主要是针对目前建设中遇到的软土地基承载力的合理确定问题及涵闸地基处理、软土地基的变形问题、填土速率的控制问题、旧堤加固及软土参数取值问题、侧向土压力问题、复合地基的应用问题、软土施工顺序的影响等技术问题进行探讨,因为这些问题影响到工程的质量和安全,是目前工程建设中急需解决的问题。     

伽马能谱测量和米测温在地热调查中的应用

介绍了伽马射性脉冲计数和米测温的工作原理,总结了已知温泉附近伽马射性脉冲计数和米测温特点:张性断层上方具有较高的伽马射线脉冲计数;在脉冲计数最大测点做伽马能谱测量得出该地铀元素含量较高;米温结果显示该地具有较高的热背景值.依据上述特征,在同一断层的另一泉水出露地区,开展了伽马射线脉冲计数和米测温工作,但伽马射线脉冲计数较小,米测温没有发现有利的地热背景值.泉水化学分析表明,未知区泉水来自浅地表水.地表露头也显示该处断裂后期改造强烈,且形成长达300 m的压性断裂带,不宜形成储热构造.     

NASA/Goddard长波辐射方案在GRAPES_Meso模式中的应用研究

本文将NASA（National Aeronautics and Space Administration）/Goddard长波辐射方案引入到GRAPES_ Meso（Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System_Meso）模式中,对2006年4月中国地区进行了一个月的模拟试验,并与相应的NCEP（National Centers for Environmental Prediction）再分析资料进行了对比分析。试验结果表明:在模拟区域内,使用GRAPES_Meso模式进行24 h、48 h预报得到的晴空大气顶向外长波辐射通量（the clear sky outgoing longwave radiation flux,OLRC）、地面接收到向下长波辐射通量（the clear sky downward longwave radiation flux at ground,GLWC）分布形势与NCEP再分析资料具有较好的对应关系;模式预报24 h、48 h OLRC和NCEP再分析资料月平均误差百分比控制在－10%～＋10%以内,GLWC月平均误差百分比比OLRC略大,但总体上两者误差都在合理和可接受范围之内。OLRC和GLWC 24 h、48 h的预报和NCEP再分析资料的逐日距平相关系数及标准误差的对比显示,模式24 h预报OLRC、GLWC的距平相关系数月平均值分别为0.96、0.98,标准误差月平均值分别为24.54 W m-2、27.23 W m-2;模式48 h预报OLRC、GLWC的距平相关系数月平均值分别为0.9521、0.9804,标准误差月平均值分别为22.43 W m-2、27.64 W m-2。总体上,模式24 h、48 h预报OLRC和GLWC的距平相关系数都在0.93以上,标准误差都在31 W m-2以内,且GLWC预报和NCEP再分析资料的相关性比OLRC略好,OLRC预报与NCEP再分析资料的的标准误差比GLWC略小。通过和RRTM长波辐射方案对比可知,两者的预报水平基本一致。本文研究结果表明,引入NASA/Goddard长波辐射方案后的GRAPES_Meso模式整体上能够较好地预报OLRC和GLWC,该辐射方案可以作为模式GRAPES_Meso的备选辐射方案之一。