浅层地震勘探资料处理中的速度分析参数选取

浅层人工地震勘探是当前城市地震活断层探测的主要方法,勘探精度不仅受激发、接收等因素的影响,还与地震数据处理的精度密切相关。速度分析是地震勘探资料处理中的关键环节,它的准确与否对动校正、共深度点叠加、叠后偏移及时深转换等都将产生影响。针对浅层地震资料目的层较浅、叠加次数少和城市背景干扰大等特点,文中对速度分析的参数选取问题进行了研究。首先通过对相邻CDP道集内各接收道炮检距的分析,以及单个和多个CDP道集的对比,提出了用于速度分析的CDP大道集的抽取原则。并通过对不同的CDP大道集、速度扫描间隔、计算时窗长度、动校切除比例等所获得的速度谱的对比分析,对速度谱扫描过程中各参数的选取提出了建议,并对速度分析及时深转换过程中值得注意的问题进行了讨论     

新疆伊犁河谷黄土滑坡冻融失稳机理研究

伊犁河谷地处中国天山山脉西段,属于典型的季节性冻土区,季节性冻融作用对斜坡稳定性影响强烈。本文以皮里青河"3.24"滑坡为例,通过现场详细调查、多期遥感影像动态比对、数值模拟等方法,研究了黄土滑坡冻融失稳机理与滑坡运动特征,得到以下几点认识:(1)滑坡失稳与水密切相关,一方面是地表水侵蚀作用,另一方面是地下水的冻融作用;(2)根据变形特征,将滑坡失稳过程分为坡脚侵蚀、冻结滞水和冻融循环破坏三个阶段,模拟结果表明,地下水水位上升导致孔隙水压力增大是滑坡冻融失稳的主要原因;(3)DAN-W数值模拟软件的Voellmy模型和Frictional模型可较好地模拟滑坡的运动堆积过程,模拟结果显示,滑坡历时12.8 s,最大运动速度17.7 m/s,平均堆积厚度4.9 m,运动距离139 m。本研究为伊犁河谷地区黄土冻融滑坡的早期识别与风险评估提供了重要的技术支撑。     

A Revisited Purification of Li for ‘Na Breakthrough’ and its Isotopic Determination by MC‐ICP‐MS

The accurate and precise determination of Li isotopic composition by MC‐ICP‐MS suffers from the poor performance of traditional column chromatography. Previously established chromatographic processes cannot completely remove Na in complex geological samples, which is currently interpreted to be a result of Na breakthrough. In this study, Na breakthrough during single‐column purification was found to differ between simply artificial Na‐containing sample solutions, where a little Na residue was found, and silicate rocks, where a large amount of breakthrough occurred. A revised two‐step column purification for Li using 0.5 and 0.3 mol l^?1 HCl as eluents was designed to remove the Na. This modified method achieves high‐efficiency Li purification from Na and consequently avoiding high Na/Li ratio interference for subsequent MC‐ICP‐MS analyses. The proposed method was validated by the analysis of a series of reference materials, including Li₂CO₃ (IRMM‐016, ‐0.10‰), basalt (BCR‐2: 2.68‰; BHVO‐2: 4.39‰), andesite (AGV‐2: 6.46‰; RGM‐2: 2.59‰), granodiorite (GSP‐2: ?0.87‰) and seawater (CASS‐5, 30.88‰). This work reports early Na appearance prior to the elution curves in chromatography and emphasises its influence for subsequent Li isotope measurement. Based on the findings, the established two‐step method would be more secure than single‐column chemistry for Li purification.     

Identification of Uranyl Minerals Using Oxygen K‐Edge X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Although most of the world's uranium exists as pitchblende or uraninite, this mineral can be weathered to a great variety of secondary uranium minerals, most containing the uranyl cation. Anthropogenic uranium compounds can also react in the environment, leading to spatial–chemical alterations that could be useful for nuclear forensics analyses. Soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has the advantages of being non‐destructive, element‐specific and sensitive to electronic and physical structure. The soft X‐ray probe can also be focused to a spot size on the order of tens of nanometres, providing chemical information with high spatial resolution. However, before XAS can be applied at high spatial resolution, it is necessary to find spectroscopic signatures for a variety of uranium compounds in the soft X‐ray spectral region. To that end, we collected the near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra of a variety of common uranyl‐bearing minerals, including uranyl carbonates, oxyhydroxides, phosphates and silicates. We find that uranyl compounds can be distinguished by class (carbonate, oxyhydroxide, phosphate or silicate) based on their oxygen K‐edge absorption spectra. This work establishes a database of reference spectra for future spatially resolved analyses. We proceed to show scanning X‐ray transmission microscopy (STXM) data from a schoepite particle in the presence of an unknown contaminant.     

土质路基荷载下地基沉降的修正计算方法

地基沉降分析中如何获取准确的应力分布和变形参数的问题尚未很好解决,为了提高土质路基地基沉降计算的精度,提出一种利用压板载荷试验成果求解地基沉降的修正切线模量法。首先,结合考虑路基高宽比b/h影响的地基反力分布和Boussinesq理论,得到了土质路基荷载下的修正附加应力,再根据原状土地基压板载荷试验曲线,建立切线模量与修正附加应力的关系方程,最后,基于分层总和法进行地基的非线性沉降分析。通过两种中等压缩性土地基沉降计算结果表明,修正切线模量法的计算值接近于实测值,可作为以沉降变形为控制目标的高速铁路地基沉降计算的参考方法。     

从岩体结构控制论到大科学装置场址选评实践

从岩体结构控制论到综合集成方法论,反映的是又一次典型的发散性思维过程,其实质在于抓住主要矛盾的同时,还要考虑众多因素影响作用的存在。在土地资源日益紧张而大科学装置场址比选受多种因素制约影响情况下,如何从层次性、相关性、时效性等方面,更好地认识评价这些不同条件下场址的适宜可用性、因素可控性、工程可调性等问题,是摆在工程地质工作者面前更为具体而实际的工作。在服务于大亚湾中微子实验隧道、中国散裂中子源场址等8个大科学装置场址选评过程中,作者提出了基于一岩、一观和一法3个支撑点的地质工程评价与动态调控法,旨在主抓控制性结构要素、圈划不良地质体前提下,适时调整工程布设方案,提出与场地改造边界范围和扰动强度有关的施工建议,实现地质工程合理和谐调控。     

地热盖层中井温梯度与地温梯度的关系及应用

在曲阜市地热地质普查中发现了井温梯度与地温梯度的关系，从理论与实际勘探工作中充分说明和验证了地热盖层地温与井温梯度差的客观存在规律。井温梯度同比于地温梯度，井温梯度与地温梯度存在一固定差值，地温梯度与井温梯度之差为2.6℃／hm。     

气象要素对太阳能电池板温度的影响

温度升高会引起光伏电池发电效率下降,电池板温度是确定温度折减系数的必要条件,目前我国尚没有充足的外场实测电池板温度数据。该文基于北京南郊太阳能试验站2010年全年逐时电池板温度、气温、地表温度、斜面和水平辐照度实测数据,分析了电池板温度随时间的变化及其与各气象要素的关系。结果表明:电池板温度与气温和斜面辐照度的综合相关或与地表温度的线性相关最好,但实测数据不易获得;电池板温度与气温的线性相关较好,数据较易获得且质量有保证,从现实可行性考虑,是推算电池板温度最实用的相关方程;电池板温度与气温和水平辐照度的综合相关可以作为辅助方程,用于推算气温较高情况下的电池板温度。基于2010年电池板温度实测数据和加权计算的方法,得到北京地区年平均光伏发电温度折减系数约为2%,最高可达到13.3%。     

Artificial ground motion compatible with specified peak velocity and target spectrum

In this paper, a method, which synthesizes the artificial ground motion compatible with the specified peak velocity as well as the target acceleration response spectrum, was proposed. In this method, firstly, an initial acceleration time history α8^（0） （t）, which satisfies the prescribed peak ground acceleration, the target spectral acceleration ST（ω, ζ）,and the specified intensity envelope, is generated by the traditional method that generates the requency domain; secondly,α8^（0） （t）is further modulated by superimposing narrow-band time histories upon it in the time domain to make its peak velocity, approach the target peak ground velocity, and at the same time to improve its fitting precision to the target spectrum. Numerical examples show that this algorithm boasts high calculation precisions.