砾石覆盖对边界层风速梯度的影响

通过莫高窟窟顶野外风洞实验对不同覆盖度砾石床面风速梯度的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,床面砾石平均高度以下风速梯度随砾石覆盖度变化比较杂乱,而砾石平均高度以上风速梯度随覆盖度增加呈现出有规律的变化。从覆盖度5%到35%风速逐渐减小, 40%~80%趋于稳定,35%最小。据此,大气边界层可明显分为两层,约以砾石平均高度为界,下层定义为粗糙亚层,上层定义为惯性亚层。粗糙亚层风速梯度随砾石间距高度比D/H值的变化同样比较杂乱;惯性亚层风速梯度随砾石间距高度比D/H值的变化规律比较一致:风速在D/H值0.3~1.5段趋于稳定,2.0~4.0段风速逐渐增大,1.5处风速最小。另外,对砾石床面不同高度阻风效应的计算表明,砾石床面的阻风作用在砾石床面表面附近最强(0.75 H~1.1 H),粗糙亚层阻风作用随高度增大而增大,惯性亚层阻风作用随高度增大逐渐减小。该粒径砾石阻风效应最优间距高度比D/H值为1.5,最优间距为3 cm,最优覆盖度为35%,为砾石防沙工程的铺设提供了一定的参考作用。     

塔中北斜坡碳酸盐岩岩溶储层油气差异富集特征

塔中北斜坡下奥陶统岩溶储层基本为低孔低渗储层,主要的储集空间为溶蚀孔、洞和断裂活动产生的裂缝。储层呈现“横向连片,纵向分层”特点,优质储层主要呈层状叠合分布在不整合面下0~200m范围内的垂直渗流带和水平潜流带。岩溶储层具有大面积、多储集段含油气的特点,平面上整体表现为“西油东气,内油外气”的分布特征。鹰山组直接盖层良3—5段致密灰岩平面上具有“东厚西薄,北厚南薄”的分布特点,剖面上呈现“块状分布,横向相连,纵向叠置”的展布特征。鹰山组内部多套高阻层相互叠置,与下伏含油气层构成良好的配置关系,形成一套或多套储盖组合,控制油气的分层聚集。塔中北斜坡发育着一系列NE向左行走滑断裂,以之为边界,可以分为若干个构造区块。区块内油气水正常分异,相对高的部位聚集油气、低部位出水。块体内部油气多富集在距主干走滑断裂0.5~4.0km范围内。      

碎石桩处理软土地基临界填筑高度的研究

目前计算碎石桩处理软土地基临界填筑高度的方法并不完善,没有考虑软基经碎石桩处理后复合地基强度的增加和地基排水固结能力的提高,基于此,依据固结理论,引入碎石桩复合地基固结计算的简化方法,修正按变形控制的临界填筑高度计算公式;并结合四川省遂-资高速公路软基变形监测数据,得出软基厚度在6.5～11.0 m范围内,观测所得的临界填筑高度为4.5～6.5 m,该观测值与修正公式计算值差异性不显著,证实所推导的解析式是切实可行的;在此基础上,初步探讨影响路堤临界填筑高度变化的因素,得出软基厚度、桩间距对其影响较为明显。     

Century‐long records reveal slight,ecoregion‐localized changes in Athabasca River flows

Reports of abruptly declining flows of Canada's Athabasca River have prompted concern because this large, free‐flowing river could be representative for northern North America, provides water for the massive Athabasca oil‐sands projects and flows to the extensive and biodiverse Peace–Athabasca, Slave and Mackenzie River deltas. To investigate historic hydrology along the river and its major tributaries, we expanded the time series with interpolations for short data gaps; calculations of annual discharges from early, summer‐only records; and by splicing records across sequential hydrometric gauges. These produced composite, century‐long records (1913–2011) and trend detection with linear Pearson correlation provided similar outcomes to nonparametric Kendall τ‐b tests. These revealed that the mountain and foothills reaches displayed slight increases in winter discharges versus larger declines in summer discharges and consequently declining annual flows (~0.16% per year at Hinton; p < 0.01). Conversely, with contrasting boreal contributions, the Athabasca River at Athabasca displayed no overall trend in monthly or annual flows, but there was correspondence with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation that contributed to a temporary flow decline from 1970 to 2000. These findings from century‐long records contrast with interpretations from numerous shorter‐term studies and emphasize the need for sufficient time series for hydrologic trend analyses. For Northern Hemisphere rivers, the study interval should be at least 80 years to span two Pacific Decadal Oscillation cycles and dampen the influence from phase transitions. Most prior trend analyses considered only a few decades, and this weakens interpretations of the hydrologic consequences of climate change. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Subglacial emplacement of tills and meltwater deposits at the base of overdeepened bedrock troughs

The sedimentary infills of subglacially eroded bedrock troughs in the Alps are underexplored archives for the timing, extent and character of Pleistocene glaciations but may contain excellent records of the Quaternary landscape evolution over several glacial–interglacial cycles. The onset of sedimentation in these bedrock troughs is often reflected by diamicts and gravels directly overlying bedrock in the deepest basin segments. Subglacial or proglacial depositional environments have been proposed for these coarse‐grained basal units but their characteristics and origin remain controversial. This article presents results from drill cores that recovered a coarse‐grained basal unit in a major buried bedrock‐trough system in the Lower Glatt Valley, northern Switzerland. The excellent core recovery allowed a detailed study combining macroscopic, microscopic and geochemical methods and gives unprecedented insights into the transition from erosion to deposition in overdeepened bedrock troughs. These results show that the basal infill comprises diamicts, interpreted as subglacial tills, separated by thin sorted interbeds, originating from subglacial cavity deposition. The stacking of these units is interpreted to represent repeated switching between a coupled and decoupled ice–bed‐interface indicating an ever‐transforming mosaic of subglacial bed conditions. Decoupling in response to high basal water pressures is probably promoted by the confined subglacial hydraulic conditions resulting from the bedrock acting as aquitards, the narrow reverse sloping outlet and a large catchment area. While stratigraphic and lithological evidence suggests that erosion and the onset of basal sedimentation occurred during the same glaciation, different scenarios for the relative timing of infilling in relation to formation and glaciation of the bedrock trough are discussed. Overlying deltaic and glaciolacustrine sediments suggest deposition during subsequent deglaciation of the bedrock trough. The basal sediment characteristics are in agreement with previous reports in hydrogeological and seismic exploration and suggest the occurrence of similar basal successions in other subglacially overdeepened basins in the Alps and elsewhere.     

Monitoring and numerical analysis of behaviour of Miaojiaba concrete-face rockfill dam built on river gravel foundation in China

This study evaluated the behaviour of a concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD) built on river gravel foundation on the basis of in-situ measurement records and numerical analysis. The monitoring records were obtained from a detailed deformation-monitoring system. A 3D finite element analysis was performed to assess long-term dam behaviour. The behaviour of the CFRD built on river gravel foundation was analysed comprehensively. A discussion of behaviour, especially with relevance to the behaviour of dams built on stiff-foundation, was included. The effect of the river gravel foundation was analysed, and the exact mechanisms were discussed. The relative contribution of various factors on the long-term behaviour of the CFRD was also studied. In-situ measurements were compared with numerical results to discuss the capability of the numerical model to predict the dam behaviour.     

砂砾石大坝填筑碾压的相关试验与研究

针对南疆砂砾石填筑大坝进行碾压试验,验证坝体填筑设计压实标准的合理性、检验22 t自行式振动碾的适用性及其性能的可靠性。本试验主要采用室内相对密度试验、现场的碾压测定出碾压遍数、碾压沉降及相应密实度及其他试验参数,通过试验参数列表、试验参数包络线图与设计标准值的比较,得出最佳砂砾石填筑方案,同时也确定大坝填筑时的施工碾压控制参数,从而确保了工程质量。     

福州江滨地区超高层建筑灌注桩成孔工艺分析

以福州江滨地区2个有代表性的超高层建筑桩基础工程实例为依据,通过无卡式冲击 正循环,旋挖 气举反循环,回转 泵吸反循环3种成孔工艺之间的比对,提出了在福州市江滨地区超大粒径厚层卵石与花岗岩地层灌注桩施工成孔工艺方面的一些见解,认为回转 泵吸反循环是较为可靠的工艺。     

矮堰基础冲刷研究进展

矮堰基础附近冲刷坑的深度是矮堰设计的重要参数,关系到建筑物的稳定与安全。系统回顾了国内外80余年关于矮堰基础冲刷的研究进展,阐述了矮堰基础冲刷的分类和机理,从物理模型试验、理论分析和数值模拟3个方面评述了研究现状和存在的不足。目前矮堰基础冲刷较为成熟的成果多集中于二维矮堰非淹没式清水冲刷方面,以物理模型试验方法为主,对于三维矮堰结构的动床冲刷、非冲积原状土床沙成分组成的影响、行进沙波与冲刷过程的耦合关系、浑水冲刷过程数值模拟技术等问题研究还有待深入。     

Numerical modelling of climate change impacts on Saint‐Lawrence River tributaries

The impacts of climate‐induced changes in discharge and base level in three tributaries of the Saint‐Lawrence River, Québec, Canada, are modelled for the period 2010–2099 using a one‐dimensional morphodynamic model. Changes in channel stability and bed‐material delivery to the Saint‐Lawrence River over this period are simulated for all combinations of seven tributary hydrological regimes (present‐day and those predicted using three global climate models and two greenhouse gas emission scenarios) and three scenarios of how the base level provided by the Saint‐Lawrence River will alter (no change, gradual fall, step fall). Even with no change in base level the projected discharge scenarios lead to an increase in average bed material delivery for most combinations of river and global climate model, although the magnitude of simulated change depends on the choice of global climate model and the trend over time seems related to whether the river is currently aggrading, degrading or in equilibrium. The choice of greenhouse gas emission scenario makes much less difference than the choice of global climate model. As expected, a fall in base level leads to degradation in the rivers currently aggrading or in equilibrium, and amplifies the effects of climate change on sediment delivery to the Saint‐Lawrence River. These differences highlight the importance of investigating several rivers using several climate models in order to determine trends in climate change impacts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.