有关内蒙古地质构造的一线之见——江苏响水至内蒙古满都拉地学断面北段研究报道之一

本文概述了江苏响水至内蒙古满都拉地学断面北段——包头至满都拉的地质观察结果。内容包括从太古宙乌拉山群到第四系、基底构造到新构造特征的七个方面。重点论述了渣尔泰群和白云鄂博群的构造性质,它们约在14亿年前才褶皱回返,代表了华北地台基底固结最迟的地段。造成这一事件的构造运动,拟称为色尔腾运动。此外,还讨论了华北地台北侧陆缘区加里东期和华力西期的构造     

安卓手机的草地信息协同采集系统

针对传统的草地资源调查方法流程繁琐、效率较低、多人协同能力较差等问题,该文提出了基于安卓手机的草地信息协同采集系统架构,设计了位置获取、地图显示、采样规划、信息采集、数据展示、报表生成、数据同步等系统核心功能模块,并应用Java语言开发,完整实现了系统各项功能。在内蒙古自治区及河北省的野外考察验证表明,该系统能够满足草原监察和科研部门对于草地资源调查的基本需求。     

长江沿线样带土地利用变化时空模拟及其对策

短时期(几年或几十年)的土地利用变化,主要受社会经济因素的驱动和自然因素的约束。各类土地利用变化基本上都能从与人类生产活动密切相关的耕地和城乡建设用地的变化上得到反映。利用修订后的GTR模型,对长江沿线样带未来30年的土地利用变化进行了模拟。研究发现,东部地区的耕地面积将进一步减少,而全区的耕地和建设用地面积将增加。根据研究区未来土地利用变化的时空特点,提出了相关应对策略,以利于区域土地持续利用的实现     

中国地学断面地球物理研究的进展和展望

地球物理在中国地学断面图的编制和综合研究中起着重要的作用．简要地概述了古地磁用于研究中国大陆的形成与演化；人工地震，特别是反射地震成功地用于研究地壳细结构；大地电磁用于了解壳内和岩石圈地幔的高导层；重、磁、地热，无论在方法上还是在解决地质问题上均取得了新进展．在综合解释上，研制出多种地球物理方法的人机交互解释系统，以及研制出在微机上实现数字化等成果．简介了地学断面成果受到国外同行的广泛重视．最后提出了地学断面研究的展望．     

发展草地农业推进我国西部可持续发展

在我国,人与草地的关系经历了4个发展阶段,最终应发展成为草地农业生态系统,这是人类与自然和谐共处的可持续发展模式,人工草地的作用不容忽视。根据草地资源、草业经济结构和生产水平状况,我国西部10省、自治区、直辖市可分为6个发展区域,各区域可因地制宜地发展各具特色的草地农业系统,同时区域之间可以实行广泛的系统耦合;建议设立6个草地农业示范项目和3个研究性生产基地。     

Multispectral remote sensing for mapping grassland degradation using the key indicators of grass species and edaphic factors

Land degradation is believed to be one of the most severe and widespread environmental problems. In South Africa, large areas of land have been identified as degraded, as shown by the lower vegetation cover. One of the major causes of grassland degradation is change in plant species composition that leads to presence of unpalatable grass species. Some grass species have been successfully used as indicators of different levels of grassland degradation in the country. This paper, therefore explores the possibility of mapping grassland degradation in Cathedral Peak, South Africa, using indicators of grass species and edaphic factors. Multispectral SPOT 5 data were used to produce a grassland degradation map based on the spatial distribution of decreaser (Themeda triandra) and increaser (Hyparrhenia hirta) species. To improve mapping accuracy, soil samples were collected from each species site and analysed for nutrient content. A t-test and machine learning random forest classification algorithm were applied for variable selection and classification using SPOT 5 data and edaphic variables. Results indicated that the decreaser and increaser grass species can be mapped with modest accuracy using SPOT 5 data (overall accuracy of 75.30%, quantity disagreement = 2 and allocation disagreement = 23). The classification accuracy was improved to 88.60%, 1 and 11 for overall accuracy, quantity and allocation disagreements, respectively, when SPOT 5 bands and edaphic factors were combined. The study demonstrated that an approach based on the integration of multispectral data and edaphic variables, which increased the overall classification accuracy by about 13%, is a suitable when adopting remote sensing to monitor grassland degradation.     

Response of plant growth to surface water balance during a summer dry period in the Kazakhstan steppe

In drylands, water deficit is the primary factor limiting plant growth. In the present study, surface energy balance and plant growth (above‐ground and below‐ground biomass) were measured continuously during the 2002 growing season in semiarid grassland in the northern part of Kazakhstan, Central Asia. Although there was above normal total rainfall during the 2002 growing season (May–November; 244 mm over 183 days), there was a dry period during July and August. Evaporative water was effectively supplied by precipitation and surface soil moisture during the wet season (May and June), during which time above‐ground biomass increased. During the early stages of the dry period, mature plants were likely to tap deeper sources of soil moisture, representing stored snowmelt water. As the soil moisture content decreased during the summer dry period due to the high levels of evapotranspiration and lack of precipitation, the evaporative fraction and above‐ground biomass rapidly decreased, whereas the below‐ground biomass increased. These results suggest that in summer, soil moisture acts to store water, and that soil moisture is essential for plant growth as a direct source of water during the dry period in natural grasslands in the Kazakhstan steppe. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

内蒙古典型草原区域Palmer气象干旱指数适用性分析

本研究选取我国内蒙古典型草原下垫面区域,进行PDSI在半干旱半湿润典型草原下垫面下的适用性分析。从各单点PDSI结果与区域平均PDSI的相关性结果以及PDSI与降水距平百分率、标准化降水蒸散指数、归一化植被指数以及实际干旱记载对比分析可以看出,PDSI结果与其余各干旱指标对比分析结果无论在时间趋势的一致性还是空间分布的吻合程度方面均很好的对应,说明PDSI在典型草原下垫面区域具有较好适用性,能很好反映此类下垫面状况下的干湿状况;同时,PDSI在指示频繁交替的旱涝时存在时间滞后性。研究结果可为PDSI在类似区域的精细化应用及在其余下垫面状况下的适用性分析提供参考。     

基于高光谱数据和RBF神经网络方法的草地叶面积指数反演

基于中国农业科学院在呼伦贝尔草原实测的120组草地冠层光谱反射率及相应的叶面积指数(LAI)数据,在进行主成分分析(PCA)实现降维处理的基础上,利用径向基函数(radial basis function,RBF)神经网络方法对草地LAI进行了高光谱反演研究.PCA结果表明,前9个主成分的累积贡献率达到了99.782％,能包含原光谱数据的绝大部分信息.将120组LAI及相应的9个主成分样本数据随机分为校正集数据(90组)和预测集数据(30组),分别用于神经网络模型的建立和LAI的预测.所构建的神经网络模型的模拟结果表明,RBF神经网络模型对校正集样本的模拟准确率达到100％(RMSE =0.009 6,R2 =0.999);预测集样本的实测LAI和模拟LAI之间的均方误差和决定系数分别为0.218 6和0.839,取得了较好的模拟效果,有效提高了传统的多元线性回归方程(RMSE =0.416 5,R2=0.570)的计算精度.     

沙质草地碟形风蚀坑形态气流相互作用

 呼伦贝尔沙质草地碟形风蚀坑长轴走向呈WNW-ESE。野外观测结果表明,风向与碟形风蚀坑长轴走向关系决定了风蚀坑内部的气流模式,右斜交与垂直气流促使风蚀坑横向扩展与深挖,平行与左斜交气流有利于侵蚀区内部沙物质的向外输送并导致风蚀坑沿长轴向延伸。右斜交及垂向气流在碟形坑南缘产生顺时针向的垂直轴涡流,而平行与左斜交向气流在西北缘产生逆时针向的垂直轴涡流。沿长轴向,气流进入风蚀坑边缘发生分离减速,在风蚀坑底部重新附着,沿出风段坡面开始加速上升至坑后沙丘顶部,在坑后沙丘背风坡气流发生扩散减速。在横断面或弧形断面气流以单增或单减的形式存在。观测期间风蚀坑总体上以堆积作用为主,区域风能大小决定了蚀积作用强弱,而输沙方向与风蚀坑长轴向夹角决定蚀积空间分布格局。