Carbon dioxide concentration in temperate climate caves and parent soils over an altitudinal gradient and its influence on speleothem growth and fabrics

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations in caves and parent soils in the Italian Alps have been studied along a 2100 m altitudinal range – corresponding to a mean annual temperature (MAT) range of 12°C – in order to investigate the relationship between MAT, soil pCO₂ and cave air pCO₂, and to test the influence of soil pCO₂ on speleothem growth and fabric to ultimately gain insight into their palaeoclimatic significance in temperate climate settings. Our findings indicate that soil CO₂ is linearly correlated to MAT and its mean annual concentration is described by the equation: soil CO₂ (ppmv) = 1112 + 460 MAT. Soil pCO₂ can also be exponentially correlated to actual evapotranspiration. The pCO₂ in the aquifer is linearly correlated to MAT at the infiltration site and is more influenced by summer soil pCO₂. Cave air CO₂ in the innermost part of the caves exhibits a similar seasonal pattern, and commonly reaches concentrations of about 15% to 35%, with respect to the corresponding soil values, and is exponentially correlated to the MAT at the infiltration site. The combination of these parameters (soil pCO₂, dripwater pCO₂ and cave air pCO₂) results in speleothem growth and controls their fabrics which are typical of four MAT/elevation belts broadly corresponding to the present‐day vegetation zones. In the lower montane zone [100–800 m above sea level (a.s.l.)] speleothems mostly consist of columnar fabric, in the upper montane zone (800–1600 m a.s.l.) both columnar and dendritic fabrics are common, the Subalpine zone (1600–2200 m a.s.l.) is characterized mostly by moonmilk deposits, whereas in the Alpine zone (above 2200 m a.s.l.) no speleothems are forming today. Therefore, fabric changes in fossil speleothem can potentially be used to reconstruct MAT changes in temperate climate karst areas. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

preliminary discussion on horizontal gravity gradient and its application to seismic gravity precursor research

In this paper, according to the synthetic gravity anomaly of a horizontally infinite cylindrical geologic body, gravity gradient in horizontal direction was calculated by potential field discrete cosine transformation in frequency domain. In the calculation, the minimum curvature method was used to extend edge lines. We found that the gravity gradient field from the potential field transformation was dependable by comparison with synthetic gravity gradient, except the data in the edges. Then, the accumulative horizontal gravity gradients before Lushan M_S7.0 earthquake were calculated for the accumulative gravity anomaly from September 2010 to October 2012. In the north-south direction, gravity gradient in Daofu-Kangding-Shimian and Markang-Lixian-Lushan exhibited a positive high value, and the strike of the high value zone was in line with the strike of Xianshuihe Faults and Markang Faults. In the east-west direction, high value zone was not as obvious as that in the north-south direction. Gravity gradients in the direction along and vertical to the strike of Longmenshan Faults were calculated by the definition of directional derivative. In the along-strike direction, high gravity gradient values appeared in Markang-Lixian areas along Markang Faults and Daofu-Kangding-Shimian areas along Xianshuihe Faults, and extremum appeared in Kangding-Shimian and the area nearby Lixian. In the direction vertical to the strike of Longmenshan fault zone, high gravity gradient values appeared in Lixian-Lushan-Kangding-Shimian areas, and the extremum appeared in the area nearby Kangding. The results indicate that gravity gradient in the direction along and vertical to the strike of faults can better show the relative gravity change on the two sides of faults. Lushan M_S7.0 earthquake is located at the transition zone between the two high value zones of gravity gradient. The total horizontal gravity gradient shows that the location and strike of the high value zone are basically consistent with regional faults, and the extremums of total horizontal gravity gradient appeared nearby Lixian, Kangding and Shimian.     

三维地形颜色渐变渲染的光滑过渡方法研究

地形颜色渐变渲染是表达地形起伏变化或其他地学要素空间分布变化趋势的常用方法。在三维地学交互分析系统中观察分析三维地学信息时,需要依据观察位置和分析区域的范围大小不停地变化视角和视距。当观察距离很近时,利用包含一定颜色数的色带渲染地形会出现明显的颜色分层现象,不能很好地表达地形颜色的光滑过渡。针对三维地学交互分析系统对地形颜色渐变渲染的操作需求和存在的问题,分析了RGB和HSL两种颜色模型的特点,顾及OpenGL的颜色平滑过渡原理,在RGB颜色空间通过对所有颜色分量进行线性插值实现了地形双色渐变渲染,在HSL颜色空间通过固定饱和度、亮度,对色相进行线性插值实现了地形多色渐变渲染,并通过加入光照计算来增强地形颜色渐变晕渲的三维立体效果。实验结果表明：本文方法能很好地兼容OpenGL的平滑着色,实现三维交互环境下任意距离观察地形均能保持颜色之间光滑渐进过渡,达到更为光滑的地形颜色渐变渲染效果。     

中国及其邻区地形和均衡重力梯度的球面计算

基于GOCO03S、DTM2006和Airy-Heiskanen均衡模型,采用频谱域的球谐分析和综合方法计算中国及其邻区的地形和均衡影响。克服了平面模型误差影响,并首次给出均衡重力梯度异常分布图。对所得结果作初步分析和解释。     

盾构法施工中楔形体模型滑裂面倾角的研究

在盾构开挖面极限支护力的计算理论中,楔形体模型由于简单、直观而得到广泛的应用,但确定滑动面倾角 较为繁琐,尤其是在迎坡条件下的研究较少。在梯形楔形体模型的基础上,通过引入盾构隧道的纵坡坡度角θ,建立了迎坡条件下的盾构开挖面极限支护力计算模型,推导出开挖面极限支护力计算公式。对开挖面支护力计算值的数据分析发现,不考虑渗流力和黏聚力的影响时,滑动面倾角 仅受隧道线路纵向坡度角 的影响较大,而土的内摩擦角c、重度 、开挖面直径D、埋深H和地表附加应力q对其影响很小;考虑黏聚力c的影响时,c≤11 kPa时滑动面的倾角 随黏聚力的增大逐渐减小,且当黏聚力、内摩擦角和开挖面直径一定时,滑动面倾角 只在某一特定数值附近小幅度变化,同时当开挖面直径D>5 m时,滑动面倾角随开挖面直径的增大而增大;土的重度、地表附加应力和埋深对滑动面倾角的数值影响不大,计算滑动面倾角时可不考虑它们的影响。在分析研究基础上得到了滑动面倾角 的计算公式,简化了极限支护力的求解过程。     

对内蒙古阿拉善西部地下水流向问题的新认识

内蒙古阿拉善西部的水文地质研究程度很低,关于地下水的来源和流向仍然存在各种不同的认识,需要在沙漠腹地补充钻探资料加以验证。本研究在前人调查成果的基础上,选择巴丹吉林沙漠及其周边的4个控制点进行了水文地质钻探,获得关键性的含水层分布和地下水位数据,对地下水流向问题提出了新的认识。分析结果表明,阿拉善西部广泛发育厚度50 m以上的第四系孔隙含水层,与新近系和白垩系砂岩含水层一起构成主要的地下水渗透介质,使区域地下水流具有连续性。地下水总体自东向西、自南向北流动,水力梯度介于0.8‰与7.9‰之间。在区域尺度上,断裂带对浅层地下水的作用并不显著。     

Effects of hydrocarbon physical properties on caprock’s capillary sealing ability

A new mechanics formula of caprock’s capillary sealing ability has been established in this paper, in which the boundary layer resistance was considered and characterized by starting pressure gradient. The formula shows that capillary sealing ability of caprock is determined not only by the capillary force of rock and the buoyancy of hydrocarbon column, but also by the starting pressure gradient of hydrocarbons and the thickness of caprock. The buoyancy of hydrocarbon column, the starting pressure gradient of hydrocarbon, and the capillary force of caprock are affected by hydrocarbon density, hydrocarbon viscosity, and hydrocarbon-water interface tension respectively. Based on hydrocarbon property data of reservoirs of Jiyang Depression and equations from literature, the effects of hydrocarbon density, hydrocarbon viscosity, and hydrocarbon-water interface tension on the sealing ability of caprock are analyzed. Under formational conditions, the sealing ability of oil caprock can vary up to dozens times because of the variations of the oil density, oil viscosity, and oil-water interface tension. Thus, the physical characters of hydrocarbon should be considered when evaluating the capillary sealing ability of caprocks. Study of the effects of physical characters on sealing ability of caprock can provide guidance to exploring special physical property hydrocarbon resources, such as viscous oils, and hydrocarbon resources in special pressure-temperature environments.     

Annual variations in the surface radiation budget and soil water and heat content in the Upper Yellow River area

Measurements taken between July 2006 to May 2007 at the Maqu station in the Upper Yellow River area were used to study the surface radiation budget and soil water and heat content in this area. These data revealed distinct seasonal variations in downward shortwave radiation, downward longwave radiation, upward longwave radiation and net radiation, with larger values in the summer than in winter because of solar altitudinal angle. The upward shortwave radiation factor is not obvious because of albedo (or snow). Surface albedo in the summer was lower than in the winter and was directly associated with soil moisture and solar altitudinal angle. The annual averaged albedo was 0.26. Soil heat flux, soil temperature and soil water content changed substantially with time and depth. The soil temperature gradient was positive from August to February and was related to the surface net radiation and the heat condition of the soil itself. There was a negative correlation between soil temperature gradient and net radiation, and the correlation coefficient achieved a significance level of 0.01. Because of frozen state of the soil, the maximum soil thermal conductivity value was 1.21 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹ in January 2007. In May 2007, soil thermal conductivity was 0.23 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹, which is the lowest value measured in the study, likely due to the fact that the soil was drier then than in other months. The soil thermal conductivity values for the four seasons were 0.27, 0.38, 0.55 and 0.83 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹, respectively.     

浅谈提高工勘中岩心采取率的几点措施

工程地质勘察的钻探工作中取出比较完整的原状岩心是工程勘察的必然要求。由于建设工程主要是在地表覆盖层中进行,因此钻探工作珏然面临包括砂卵石层、砂层、风化破碎、松散破碎层、土层、泥岩、页岩等水敏性岩层,以及不同程度的破裂带、地层剥离带、泥石流带等。因此,根据施工中钻进的复杂岩层,选取正确有效的泥浆类型和适当的岩心采取技术,对减少孔内事故,提高岩心采取率,提高钻探质量,实现安全快速钻进具有重要的意义。     

再论西部大开发理论基础的构建

文章构建了广义梯度理论,该理论在对区域经济成长条件和运行机制进行重新考察的基础上,进一步阐述和扩充了“梯度”的概念,并提出了在可持续发展前提下区域开发分阶段、有重点、非均衡梯级推进的战略思想。广义梯度理论是对区域开发理论的新发展,是西部开发的理论基础。