微分流形及其在测绘科学中的应用初探

本文用通俗的语言介绍了微分流形中几个最基本的概念,并对其在测绘科学中的应用作了初步探讨。     

隧道钢纤维喷射混凝土单层衬砌试验研究

为了解决隧道施工中采用单层喷射混凝土作为隧道永久衬砌的问题,对不同钢纤维及外添加剂掺量的混凝土分别进行了抗压、抗拉、抗渗以及弯曲强度等室内试验。结果表明,在喷射混凝土中加入钢纤维材料,其抗拉、抗弯以及抗渗水性能分别提高了65.6 %、94.7 %、98.1 %;并通过现场试喷,选定符合设计要求、经济合理的配合比,在摩天岭隧道通风斜井施作了湿喷钢纤维混凝土,以单层衬砌代替原设计的复合式衬砌。工程实践证明,钢纤维湿喷混凝土,其支护强度达到了设计要求,喷射作业回弹损失量减少7 %～15 %。研究成果可为类似隧道纤维喷射混凝土单层衬砌技术的应用提供参考。     

Utilisation de dépôts d'argile sur lame de verre pour leur étude en spectroscopie infrarouge

IR spectra of clay samples can be collected in transmission through oriented deposits onto glass slide and are similar to the IR spectra of the same samples obtained by traditional way (KBr pellets). As examples, it is shown that it is possible to differentiate dickite from kaolinite and smectites of various chemistries, as easily by both ways. It is thus possible to use oriented clay deposits onto glass slide for both XRD and IR studies and to easily take benefit of the complementarity of both techniques. To cite this article: S. Petit et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

Geochemical characterization of marker tephra layers from major Holocene eruptions,Kamchatka Peninsula,Russia

Kamchatka Peninsula is one of the most active volcanic regions in the world. Many Holocene explosive eruptions have resulted in widespread dispersal of tephra-fall deposits. The largest layers have been mapped and dated by the ¹⁴C method. The tephra provide valuable stratigraphic markers that constrain the age of many geological events (e.g. volcanic eruptions, palaeotsunamis, faulting, and so on). This is the first systematic attempt to use electron microprobe (EMP) analyses of glass to characterize individual tephra deposits in Kamchatka. Eighty-nine glass samples erupted from 11 volcanoes, representing 27 well-identified Holocene key-marker tephra layers, were analysed. The glass is rhyolitic in 21 tephra, dacitic in two, and multimodal in three. Two tephra are mixed with glass compositions ranging from andesite/dacite to rhyolite. Tephra from the 11 eruptive centres are distinguished by their glass K₂O, CaO, and FeO contents. In some cases, individual tephra from volcanoes with multiple eruptions cannot be differentiated. Trace element compositions of 64 representative bulk tephra samples erupted from 10 volcanoes were analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) as a pilot study to further refine the geochemical characteristics; tephra from these volcanoes can be characterized using Cr and Th contents and La/Yb ratios.

Unidentified tephra collected at the islands of Karaginsky (3), Bering (11), and Attu (5) as well as Uka Bay (1) were correlated to known eruptions. Glass compositions and trace element data from bulk tephra samples show that the Karaginsky Island and Uka Bay tephra were all erupted from the Shiveluch volcano. The 11 Bering Island tephra are correlated to Kamchatka eruptions. Five tephra from Attu Island in the Aleutians are tentatively correlated with eruptions from the Avachinsky and Shiveluch volcanoes.     

古代玻璃材料LA-ICP-MS组分分析及产源研究

古代玻璃及玻璃质材料的定量分析对于研究其制作年代及产地、原料的来源以及制作工艺有着重要的参考意义。与电子探针(EMPA)、能谱扫描-电子显微镜(EDX-SEM)等分析方法相比,LA-ICP-MS能够快速且准确地提供样品主次量及微量元素信息。本文对LA-ICP-MS古代玻璃元素定量分析中的影响因素进行研究认为:在193nm激光下玻璃标准NIST610和康宁玻璃标准之间基体差异造成的影响较小,而采用玻璃标准NIST610为外标结合基体归一化法的校正策略测定康宁标准结果表明,该策略能够准确反映不同类型古代玻璃材料中成分组成;实验中不同剥蚀模式的研究,有助于不同实验条件的建立,从而满足不同研究的需要。本次研究对出土样品进行了分析,为该制品的产源研究提供了数据支持。     

江苏三处旧石器遗址中发现的火山玻璃

火山灰年代学是判断第四纪沉积物年龄的有效手段。文章报告在江苏三处旧石器遗址（和尚墩、放牛山和将军崖）上部堆积中发现的火山玻璃及初步研究结果。和尚墩遗址的火山玻璃主要出现在两个层位: 上层距地表约45cm,火山玻璃的水合层很薄,年代有可能晚于K Ah火山（7.3ka）;  下层距地表约70cm,火山玻璃的水合过程已经完成,时代稍老,大致与日本晚更新世火山同期,至少相当于AT火山,年代等于/大于25ka。遗址中的火山玻璃分为pm型和bw型。形态、屈折率及微量包含物的研究表明,火山玻璃的来源可能与日本的火山喷发无关。江苏旧石器遗址中发现的火山玻璃对判断中国东部地区更新世沉积物时代以及埋藏其中的旧石器遗存年代具标志意义。     

不同成因类型石英与石英玻璃气泡缺陷间关系探讨

对不同成因类型石英的气液包体含量与石英玻璃气泡缺陷间的关系进行了对比研究，总结了一些规律，对石英玻璃工业原料的地质找矿具有一定的指导意义。     

神经网络在负温钢纤维混凝土强度预测中的应用

利用BP网络对负温钢纤维混凝土的实验所得到的抗压强度、抗折强度、抗拉强度、抗剪强度进行了仿真预测。误差检测表明,BP网络可成功地建立非线性的强度模型,准确地预测负温钢纤维混凝土的强度,表明了神经网络在负温钢纤维混凝土强度预测中的可行性。     

高温高压下玄琥质淬火玻璃的折光率研究

在１．００－３．５０ＧＰａ、１５００－１７００℃的温压范围,以福建闽清碱性玄武财ＦＭ－９１为初始物料,进行了高温高压熔融实验,通过对淬火玻璃的成分和折光的研究,发现压力的发迹对折光率的变化有着较大的影响,而温度的改变基本不影响折光主,并讨论了在成分不变的前提下,温度和压力的改变对熔体结构的可能影响及意义。     

区调人物

区调人物陈克强安徽省青阳县人,１９３５年生,教授级高级工程师。１９５４年毕业于东北地质学院地勘系。先后在地质部中南地质局、重工业部中南地质勘探公司、冶金部湖南冶金地质勘探公司、地矿部区测局、地矿司、直管局、中国地质科学院等单位工作,历任组长、技术负...