南海珊瑚礁高分辨率遥感地貌分类体系研究

珊瑚礁遥感地貌分类体系在珊瑚礁遥感地貌制图中具有重要的指导作用。目前,珊瑚礁遥感地貌分类体系仍存在构建标准不统一、部分重要地貌类型不突出以及涵盖地貌类型不完备等问题,影响了珊瑚礁遥感地貌制图应用于珊瑚礁科学和管理。本文采用中国南海46个珊瑚礁(环礁、台礁)的高分辨率遥感影像(WorldView-2、Quickbird),并结合西沙群岛15个岛礁的地貌实地调查数据进行南海高分辨率遥感地貌分类体系的构建研究。以各地貌类型所处礁体位置、动力特征、出露程度和沉积类型为划分标准,将相似尺度和重要性相当的地貌类型归为同等级别,共构建了3级19类南海珊瑚礁遥感地貌分类体系。该分类体系划分标准统一、地貌类型数量最多且完备,新命名了内礁坪生物稀疏带、内礁坪生物丛生带,补充了水下礁脊、潮间带浅滩、浅水礁塘等地貌类型,便于直观理解和推断不同尺度的海洋生态相互作用及重要性。同时,其多等级多尺度性适用于分辨率由低到高的南海珊瑚礁遥感地貌制图,有助于珊瑚礁态势演变分析、管理和保护,为维护国家海洋权益作出应有的贡献。     

Teaching Topographic Map Skills and Geomorphology Concepts with Google Earth in a One-Computer Classroom

Teaching high-school geomorphological concepts and topographic map reading entails many challenges. This research reports the applicability and effectiveness of Google Earth in teaching topographic map skills and geomorphological concepts, by a single teacher, in a one-computer classroom. Compared to learning via a conventional instructional method, students learning with Google Earth do not have different geomorphological concepts development because both settings enable students to learn with similar static representation. However, students learning with Google Earth improve topographic map skills significantly compared to the conventional instructional method. This is because of the 3D landscape visualization and prior knowledge connections available with Google Earth.     

新疆阿尔泰山东段冰碛物光释光测年研究

冰川是塑造地表形态最积极的外营力之一,对冰川地貌的年代学研究是重建古冰川发展史的关键,也是研究气候变化的重要途径。冰碛物是冰川作用的直接产物,代表过去发生的冰川事件,对冰碛物进行准确测年能够为重建古冰川的进退、理解区域古气候变化提供年代学支撑。本文在新疆阿尔泰山东段采集了8个冰碛物样品以进行光释光测年,利用单片再生剂量法对90~125 μm的石英颗粒进行等效剂量的测定。通过等效剂量值频率分布特征及De（t）坪区图分析得出大部分冰碛物的光释光信号晒退不彻底,所以利用一阶动力学公式对持续激发的光释光信号晒退曲线（CW-OSL）进行多组分拟合拆分,得到快速、中速、慢速3种组分,依据分离出的快速组分确定等效剂量值。研究结果显示,距今32 ka以来阿尔泰山东段区域在MIS3阶段、MIS2阶段、8.2 ka左右、全新世大暖期及新冰期等5个时段有冰川发育,冰川发育与气候变化密切相关。     

Applying seismic geomorphology to delineate switched sequence stratigraphic architecture in lacustrine rift basins: An example from the Pearl River Mouth Basin,northern South China Sea

Switched sequence stratigraphic architectural units were developed in the Eocene Wenchang Formation stratigraphic section of the Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB), northern South China Sea. Utilizing a high-quality 3D seismic data set, well logs and restored paleogeomorphology, the architecture and genesis of switched sequence stratigraphic units have been systematically investigated. The Wenchang Formation, a second-order sequence, can be subdivided into seven third-order sequences (from base to top: SQ1, SQ2, SQ3, SQ4, SQ5, SQ6, and SQ7). The sequence stratigraphic architecture of the Wenchang Formation is characterized by continuous lateral stacking patterns from sequences SQ1 to SQ7. Sequences SQ1–SQ4 mainly developed in the HZ26 sag, whereas sequences SQ5–SQ7 mainly developed in the XJ24 sag. The depositional centres of the Wenchang Formation appear to have migrated from the HZ26 sag to the XJ24 sag-along the northwest direction from sequences SQ1 to SQ7. Multiple tectonic activation episodes or alternating tectonic subsidence of the HZ26 and XJ24 sags resulted in the distinctive geomorphological features that effected the development of the switched sequence stratigraphic architecture in the study area. The switched sequence stratigraphic architecture presented in this study may provide new insights into a better understanding of sequence stratigraphic stacking patterns in continental lacustrine rift basins.     

广西猫儿山主峰区巨砾非冰川成因的遥感地质地貌学解疑

在被称为"华南第一峰"的猫儿山主峰区,散落着一些具有钝形外观的花岗岩巨砾。它们是否是冰川成因?探明这一现象具有多重意义。为此,笔者从遥感、地质学和地貌学角度开展了调查研究。基于TM、Quickbird-2及TM-DEM的多尺度多模式遥感地貌学解译表明,在猫儿山主峰部位不具备形成冰川漂砾的地貌环境条件。通过成山期与冰期年代对比,虽然猫儿山成山过程经历了第四纪冰期,但不能就此断定它形成了冰川,并导致巨型漂砾形成。对主峰基岩和巨砾的矿物岩石学特征比较表明,两者为同源关系,因此巨砾并非由远处搬来,而就是来自主峰的基岩。遥感线性构造解译表明,猫儿山花岗岩体中存在五组发育的断裂构造,它们造成了花岗岩岩体的内伤,是导致巨砾形成的重要内因。而强烈的物理与化学风化作用,加上陡峭地势的斜坡重力作用,是最终导致这些巨砾形成的重要外因。我们的实地调查证实了这五方面的分析与推测。结论很清楚,猫儿山主峰区分布的花岗岩巨砾成因于断裂构造、风化剥蚀与斜坡重力三种因素的共同作用,它们只是主峰基岩的简单风化-崩塌物,而非冰川漂砾。     

Remote sensing of alpine glaciers in visible and infrared wavelengths: a survey of advances and prospects

Remote sensing is an efficient tool for temporal monitoring of inaccessible alpine glacial terrain. This study discusses the methods of remote sensing in visible and infrared (IR) wavelengths, which are helpful in providing important information about alpine glaciers. The scope of this study covers recent advances and prospects in optical and thermal remote sensing of glacier facies, glacier velocity, mass balance, glacial hazards and automated mapping techniques. The technology is ever evolving with the advent of new remote sensors capturing data in visible/IR wavelengths and better digital computing technology. An extensive list of significant studies further helps the reader to explore a particular topic of interest. We survey recent advances in this field and additionally highlight the emerging prospects.     

珠江三角州沙湾断裂带第四纪活动性研究

沙湾断裂是珠江三角州北西向的主干断裂。为了查清其第四纪活动性,我们进行了1∶5万地质地貌填图、断层活动年代测定、氡气测量、浅层地震勘测和联合钻孔验证及构造解析等工作。第四纪地貌与断裂的耦合性及历史地震情况说明,沙湾断裂目前仍有一定活动性;地质调查及勘测未发现断裂切割第四系,氡气测量结果表明断裂目前活动性中等以下,说明沙湾断裂目前活动性较弱;年代测量结果表明断裂在中更新世中期至晚更新世前期活动性较强,晚更新世以后活动性渐弱,仅在南段南沙区大岗镇罗汉山发现晚于100 ka剖面。罗汉山构造解析实例说明三角洲局部地段仍受断裂活动控制处于拉张环境,但全新世以来活动性渐弱。综合研究认为,沙湾断裂目前仍有一定活动性,但活动性较弱。     

Reenvisioning velocity reversal as a diversity of hydraulic patch behaviours

Past research investigated the surpassing of mean velocity at riffle cross sections by that at pool cross sections for flows up to bankfull, termed ‘velocity reversals’, to understand one mechanism by which riffle–pool relief is maintained. This study reenvisioned the classic velocity reversal by documenting stage‐dependent changes to the locations of peak velocity without cross sections. Instead, the dynamics of peak velocity patches were considered for flows spanning 0.2 to 22 times bankfull discharge through the use of a high‐resolution DEM and two‐dimensional hydrodynamic modelling. A remarkable diversity in peak velocity patch behaviour was found across discharges, including gradual expansion and shifting as well as abrupt disappearance and emergence relative to the low‐flow patch locations. These behaviours blended together to varying degrees to produce many reversals in peak velocity across morphological units, but it took substantially higher than bankfull discharge for peak velocities to move from riffles and chutes to fast glides and pools. The discharges at which reversals occurred among morphological units were significantly higher for the valley‐confined reach than for the anastomosing reach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dating of raised marine and lacustrine deposits in east Greenland using beryllium‐10 depth profiles and implications for estimates of subglacial erosion

Here we combine ¹⁰Be depth profile techniques applied to late glacial ice‐contact marine and lacustrine deltas, as well as boulder exposure dating of associated features in the Scoresby Sound region, east Greenland, to determine both the surface age and the magnitude of cosmogenic nuclide inheritance. Boulder ages from an ice‐contact delta in northern Scoresby Sund show scatter typical of polar regions and yield an average age of 12.8 ± 0.5 ka – about 2 ka older than both our average profile surface age of 10.9 ± 0.7 ka from three depth profiles and a radiocarbon‐based estimate. On the other hand, boulder exposure ages from a set of moraines in southern Scoresby Sund show excellent internal consistency for polar regions and yield an average age of 11.6 ± 0.2 ka. The profile surface age from a corresponding ice‐contact delta is 8.1 ± 0.9 ka, while a second delta yields an age of 10.0 ± 0.4 ka. Measured ¹⁰Be inheritance concentrations from all depth profiles are internally consistent and are between 10% and 20% of the surface concentrations, suggesting a regional cosmogenic inheritance signal for the Scoresby Sound landscape. Based on the profile inheritance concentrations, we explore the first‐order catchment‐averaged bedrock erosion under the Greenland ice sheet, yielding estimates of total erosion during the last glacial cycle of the order of 2–30 m. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

上海城市地貌环境的致灾性

随着城市化和再城市化的快速发展,上海城市地貌环境呈现出明显的致灾性。通过从地貌物质、地貌过程和地貌形态三方面进行了剖析,认为地貌物质中含水沙层广泛发育和层数多是地貌灾害发生的重要因素,其横向上的不连续性、成因和形成时间的差异性更为地貌灾害的发生埋下阴影;地势低平及中心城区碟形洼地的存在使得洪水构成对上海城市安全的最大威胁;高强度人类活动不仅改变城市自然地貌面(下垫面)的性质、特征和规模,而且直接导致它的沉降变形,从而使城市地貌环境更为脆弱和致灾机制的复杂化。特别是地貌形变过程的不可逆性,已引起城市自然地理其它要素(如水文、气候等)的一系列变化和造成城市生态环境的恶化,对城市规划建设起到明显的制约作用。上海只有重视城市地貌资源的合理利用和城市地貌环境的有效保护才能走上健康、持续的发展道路。