山东荣成成山头“柳夼红层”的层序、划分与成因及其气候意义(Ⅱ)

四、“柳夼红层”的物质组成 本文(Ⅰ)所列“柳夼红层”剖面地层层序进行了物相、粒度、X衍射和ESR年代测定,其结果与宏观观察结果相吻合。 “柳夼红层”,剖面序列,层位和时代有所不同,成因有别,而在物质组成上却大同小异,表现出从晚更新世早期至全新世地层,其物源供应基本相同,都来源于燕山期斑状花岗岩的风化破碎产物,属就地近源搬运。     

Evaluation of ASTER GDEM and SRTM and their suitability in hydraulic modelling of a glacial lake outburst flood in southeast Tibet

The resolution and accuracy of digital elevation models (DEMs) can affect the hydraulic simulation results for predicting the effects of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). However, for the Tibetan Plateau, high‐quality DEM data are often not available, leaving researchers with near‐global, freely available DEMs, such as the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM) and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data (SRTM) for hydraulic modelling. This study explores the suitability of these two freely available DEMs for hydraulic modelling of GLOFs. Our study focused on the flood plain of a potentially dangerous glacial lake in southeastern Tibet, to evaluate the elevation accuracy of ASTER GDEM and SRTM, and their suitability for hydraulic modelling of GLOFs. The elevation accuracies of ASTER GDEM and SRTM were first validated against field global position system (GPS) survey points, and then evaluated with reference to the relatively high precision of 1:50 000 scale DEM (DEM5) constructed from aerial photography. Moreover, the DEM5, ASTER GDEM and SRTM were used as basic topographic data to simulate peak discharge propagation, as well as flood inundation extent and depth in the Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System one‐dimensional hydraulic model. Results of the three DEM predictions were compared to evaluate the suitability of ASTER GDEM and SRTM for GLOF hydraulic modelling. Comparisons of ASTER GDEM and SRTM each with DEM5 in the flood plain area show root‐mean‐square errors between the former two as ± 15·4 m and between the latter two as ± 13·5 m. Although SRTM overestimates and ASTER GDEM underestimates valley floor elevations, both DEMs can be used to extract the elevations of required geometric data, i.e. stream centre lines, bank lines and cross sections, for flood modelling. However, small errors still exist in the cross sections that may influence the propagation of peak discharge. The flood inundation extent and mean water depths derived from ASTER GDEM predictions are only 2·2% larger and 2·3‐m deeper than that of the DEM5 predictions, whereas the SRTM yields a flood zone extent 6·8% larger than the DEM5 prediction and a mean water depth 2·4‐m shallower than the DEM5 prediction. The modelling shows that, in the absence of high‐precision DEM data, ASTER GDEM or SRTM DEM can be relied on for simulating extreme GLOFs in southeast Tibet. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Late Quaternary vegetation dynamics in a biodiversity hotspot, the Uluguru Mountains of Tanzania

Late Quaternary vegetation history and environmental changes in a biodiverse tropical ecosystem are inferred from pollen, charcoal and carbon isotope evidence derived from a ∼ 48,000-yr sedimentary record from the Uluguru Mountains, a component of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Kenya and Tanzania. Results indicate that Eastern Arc forest composition has remained relatively stable during the past ∼ 48,000 yr. Long-term environmental stability of the Eastern Arc forests has been proposed as a mechanism for the accumulation and persistence of species during glacial periods, thus resulting in the diverse forests observed today. The pollen and isotope data presented here indicate some marked changes in abundance but no significant loss in moist forest taxa through the last glacial maximum, thereby providing support for the long-term environmental stability of the Eastern Arc. Anthropogenic activities, including burning and forest clearance, were found to play a moderate role in shaping the mosaic of forest patches and high-altitude grasslands that characterise the site today; however, this influence was tempered by the inaccessibility of the mountain.     

Palaeoglaciation of Bayan Har Shan,northeastern Tibetan Plateau: glacial geology indicates maximum extents limited to ice cap and ice field scales

Key locations within an extensive area of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, centred on Bayan Har Shan, have been mapped to distinguish glacial from non‐glacial deposits. Prior work suggests palaeo‐glaciers ranging from valley glaciers and local ice caps in the highest mountains to a regional or even plateau‐scale ice sheet. New field data show that glacial deposits are abundant in high mountain areas in association with large‐scale glacial landforms. In addition, glacial deposits are present in several locations outside areas with distinct glacial erosional landforms, indicating that the most extensive palaeo‐glaciers had little geomorphological impact on the landscape towards their margins. The glacial geological record does indicate extensive maximum glaciation, with local ice caps covering entire elevated mountain areas. However, absence of glacial traces in intervening lower‐lying plateau areas suggests that local ice caps did not merge to form a regional ice sheet on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau around Bayan Har Shan. No evidence exists for past ice sheet glaciation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Baykonurian glaciohorizon of the Late Vendian

Glacial deposits occurring close to the Vendian-Cambrian boundary were discovered long ago in several regions of Asia and West Africa. New data of recent years confirm earlier observation and specify age constraints of these deposits. In certain sections, glacial sediments rest on beds with the Upper Vendian fossils (Vendotaenia sp., Sabellidites remains, and microfossils). In the Hoggar Highland, they discordantly overlie magmatic rocks ca. 560 Ma old. In the East Sayan Mts., the Upper Vendian Cloudina sp. have been found in the diamictite matrix. In Central Asia and Northwest China, cap dolomites conformably overlying glacial deposits grade upward into the chert-phosphatic sediments containing fossils (Tarim region), which are characteristic of the Anabarites trisulcatus Zone in the Nemakit-Daldynian Stage. Fossils of this zone have been found directly above glacial deposits in the East Sayan. According to all these data, the respective Baykonurian glaciation, as it is termed in this work, either antedated the Nemakit-Daldynian Age or was concurrent to its commencement. The glaciation is correlative with a significant negative δ¹³C excursion of ?5 to ?10‰. Judging from recent paleotectonic reconstructions, the Baykonurian glaciation was not regional in rank and left records in both hemispheres of the Earth. This glaciation resumes the well-known succession of the great glaciation event in the terminal Late Precambrian, i.e., the Sturtian, Marinoan, and Gaskiers glaciations. Hence, one cannot ignore the Baykonurian glaciation when analyzing the geological, biospheric, and biotic history of the Late Precambrian.     

冲绳海槽末次盛冰期孢粉组合的古环境指示意义

冲绳海槽西陆坡末次冰期的高沉积速率为高分辨率研究提供了良好的材料,DGKS-9602钻孔通过氧同位素年代对比,总长931cm的岩心保存了相当于氧同位素阶段1～3的沉积记录．孢粉分析的结果表明,OIS1和OIS三阶段松属花粉含量占优势,平均含量达65％以上,而OIS2阶段松属百分含量明显降低,草本植物花粉含量增加,超过50％．松属与蒿属等草本花粉间的相互消长指示了海平面的升降,并与氧同位素曲线的变化趋势相似．末次盛冰期中国东部大陆架覆盖的植被以草地为主,由于冲绳海槽在末次盛冰期时的绝大部分沉积物质与大陆架的剥蚀作用有关,来自长江中上游山地较远距离带来的物质和山地花粉相对减少．与中国东部尘土花粉结果对比发现,现代东海表层蒿属与禾本科比值（A／P）所指示的纬度正好与长江中下游平均纬度相当,而冲绳海槽末次盛冰期的A／P比值所指示的陆地环境比现代高7个纬度,证明末次盛冰期植被带南移,与前人陆地记录的结果相吻合．     

北京西山第四纪冰川遗迹——三十届国际地质大会地质旅行路线指南(T204)

北京西山的第四纪冰川遗迹考察和研究,始于20世纪50年代。但自80年代以来部分学者对有关冰川现象提出了异议,其中最主要的观点是有关现象可用冰缘气候下的雪蚀作用和寒冻泥石流作用给予解释。本路线介绍了可判识北京西山是否发育第四纪冰川关键的模式口冰溜面、管坨岭冰碛层、太平庄冰碛层、鲁家滩冰水沉积和大富庄冰碛层等五处第四纪冰川遗迹的古冰川宏观和微观特征。      

基于地貌信息熵的天山公路冰川泥石流危险性评价

冰川泥石流广泛分布于我国西部地区,特殊的地貌条件对泥石流的发育有着重要影响。地貌信息熵理论是量化地貌发育阶段的指标,针对冰川地貌条件,探讨了地貌信息熵理论在冰川地貌条件下的应用,并提出了相应的修正系数。选取天山公路沿线13条泥石流沟,基于ArcGIS平台,进行了危险性评价。结果表明,修正后的地貌信息熵值能较好地判断冰川泥石流的危险程度。     

西藏喜马拉雅山脉中段冰湖变化与溃决特征分析 ——以桑旺错和什磨错为例

年楚河流域是西藏自治区农业相对发达的地区,流域内冰川发育较好,冰川融水是地表径流重要的组成部分,冰湖溃决洪水灾害也威胁着下游村镇和城市。本文利用遥感技术对流域内桑旺错和什磨错两个冰湖特征进行分析,结合实地野外调查,对冰湖变化和溃决特征展开讨论。结果表明：1987-2018年,桑旺错和什磨错都呈扩张趋势,面积分别增加了0.31 km²（5.56%）和0.954 km²（96.9%）,变化率分别为0.054 km²·（10a）^-1和0.311 km²·（10a）^-1。桑旺错和什磨错侧碛垄、终碛垄为松散堆积物,结构松散、稳定性差。桑旺错出水口开阔,出水流畅。什磨错没有出水口,在最内侧终碛垄外有渗流。桑旺错和什磨错后缘冰川冰舌相接,冰舌陡峭,冰舌崩塌可能性较大,同时两湖侧碛垄稳定性较低,也存在崩塌的风险。桑旺错溃决风险较小,什磨错溃决风险较大。     

西藏玛旁雍错沉积揭示的晚冰期以来环境变化

玛旁雍错位于青藏高原西南部,是研究印度季风演化的理想地区之一。利用活塞采样器在玛旁雍错75 m水深处获取了一根4.69 m长岩芯,利用^210Pb和AMS^14C测年确定了岩芯的年代,根据元素含量(XRF扫描)、总有机碳(TOC)、总无机碳(TIC)和总氮(TN)等代用指标,重建了该地区14 cal.ka B.P.以来气候环境变化。结果显示,冰消期(14~12 cal.ka B.P.),TOC和TIC含量变化显示了湖区环境整体上较为暖湿;12.0~11.4 cal.ka B.P.,径流明显减弱,可能是新仙女木事件的反映;早中全新世(11.4~3.4 cal.ka B.P.),湖区环境整体上以暖湿为主,气候有所波动,出现了两次冷事件(10.2~9.8 cal.ka B.P.和8.2 cal.ka B.P.左右),7.4~6.6 cal.ka B.P.,出现了一个暖时期;晚全新世(3.4~0 cal.ka B.P.),湖区环境整体上趋向于干旱化,并伴有两次相对湿润时期(2.6~2.0 cal.ka B.P.和1.4~1.0 cal.ka B.P.)。玛旁雍错环境变化表明,晚冰期以来(14.0~3.4 cal.ka B.P.),受到太阳辐射的影响,印度季风带来的降水以及冰川融水较多,湖区环境较为湿润,整体上有利于内源生物的生存;晚全新世(3.4~0 cal.ka B.P.),北半球夏季太阳辐射量减少,印度季风减弱,径流减弱,湖区环境朝干旱化方向发展。