岩体完整性指标IRMI的工程应用与分析

岩体完整性指标（IRMI）是基于钻孔成像技术的评价岩体完整性的新指标,定义为全孔孔壁图像中岩体完整特征I与孔壁岩体长度（即完整特征I与破碎特征F之和）之比的百分数,即IRMI = I / (I + F)。钻孔成像技术在青岛海湾大桥基础勘察工程中取得了成功应用,获得了大量的第一手资料。通过与钻探和其他岩石质量估算法的对比分析,得出(1) 钻孔摄像弥补了钻孔取芯的不足;(2) 全孔图像为实现准确的岩体完整性评价创造了条件;(3) IRMI能准确地反映岩体完整特征;(4）IRMI通常大于RQD。     

深井巷道围岩地温场温度分布可视化模拟研究

根据地温场温度分布的数学模型,应用有限元法模拟了深井巷道围岩地温场中4种常见隧道断面的岩石温度分布特征规律,揭示出地温场内温度分布和地热学参数及时间、空间之间的本质关系,实现地温场内温度分布的二维动态等值线表征,直观地再现了地温场内温度分布非稳态变化的动态过程。     

Integral equation solution for three-dimensional heat transfer in multiple-fracture enhanced geothermal reservoirs

For the prediction of energy production from multiple-fractured geothermal reservoirs, previous models basically focused on the one-dimensional conduction in the rock containing evenly distributed fractures of equal scale. Here, a novel model is described to numerically investigate the three-dimensional heat transfer in geothermal reservoirs with unevenly spaced disc fractures of various sizes including the aperture and radius. In terms of the water flow through each fracture, an approximate analytical solution is obtained on the assumption that the water pressure disturbances, induced by the fracture margin and extraction (injection) operation, at the injection (extraction) well center and at different locations within the injection (extraction) well range were approximately equal. By the integral equation scheme for two-dimensional planar fractures, the three-dimensional problem of heat exchange is simulated without the reservoir discretization. The singular integral is analytically calculated in polar coordinates whereas the nonsingular integrand is numerically estimated by the Gaussian quadrature method in Cartesian coordinates. Compared with the one-dimensional simplification, the three-dimensional heat conduction remarkably alters the prediction of extraction temperature. In addition, the reservoir temperature field is also significantly influenced by the spacings and dimensions of fractures. The present model may be used for the estimation, design, and optimization of a geothermal reservoir.     

Environmental isotopic and hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater systems in Daying and Qicun geothermal fields,Xinzhou Basin,Shanxi, China

The conceptual hydrogeological model of the low to medium temperature Daying and Qicun geothermal fields has been proposed, based on hydrochemical characteristics and isotopic compositions. The two geothermal fields are located in the Xinzhou basin of Shanxi, China and exhibit similarities in their broad‐scale flow patterns. Geothermal water is derived from the regional groundwater flow system of the basin and is characterized by Cl·SO₄‐Na type. Thermal water is hydrochemically distinct from cold groundwater having higher total dissolved solids (TDS) (>0·8 g/l) and Sr contents, but relatively low Ca, Mg and HCO₃ contents. Most shallow groundwater belongs to local flow systems which are subject to evaporation and mixing with irrigation returns. The groundwater residence times estimated by tritium and ¹⁴C activities indicate that deep non‐thermal groundwater (130–160 m) in the Daying region range from modern (post‐1950s) in the piedmont area to more than 9·4 ka BP (Before Present) in the downriver area and imply that this water belong to an intermediate flow system. Thermal water in the two geothermal fields contains no detectable active ¹⁴C, indicating long residence times (>50 ka), consistent with this water being part of a large regional flow system. The mean recharge elevation estimated by using the obtained relationship Altitude (m) = ? 23·8 × δ²H (‰ ) ? 121·3, is 1980 and 1880 m for the Daying and Qicun geothermal fields, respectively. The annual infiltration rates in the Daying and Qicun geothermal fields can be estimated to be 9029 × 10³ and 4107 × 10³ m³/a, respectively. The variable ⁸⁶Sr/⁸⁷Sr values in the thermal and non‐thermal groundwater in the two fields reflect different lithologies encountered along the flow path(s) and possibly different extents of water‐rock interaction. Based on the analysis of groundwater flow systems in the two geothermal fields, hydrogeochemical inverse modelling was performed to indicate the possible water‐rock interaction processes that occur under different scenarios. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Heat as a groundwater tracer in shallow and deep heterogeneous media: Analytical solution,spreadsheet tool,and field applications

Groundwater flow advects heat, and thus, the deviation of subsurface temperatures from an expected conduction‐dominated regime can be analysed to estimate vertical water fluxes. A number of analytical approaches have been proposed for using heat as a groundwater tracer, and these have typically assumed a homogeneous medium. However, heterogeneous thermal properties are ubiquitous in subsurface environments, both at the scale of geologic strata and at finer scales in streambeds. Herein, we apply the analytical solution of Shan and Bodvarsson ( 2004 ), developed for estimating vertical water fluxes in layered systems, in 2 new environments distinct from previous vadose zone applications. The utility of the solution for studying groundwater‐surface water exchange is demonstrated using temperature data collected from an upwelling streambed with sediment layers, and a simple sensitivity analysis using these data indicates the solution is relatively robust. Also, a deeper temperature profile recorded in a borehole in South Australia is analysed to estimate deeper water fluxes. The analytical solution is able to match observed thermal gradients, including the change in slope at sediment interfaces. Results indicate that not accounting for layering can yield errors in the magnitude and even direction of the inferred Darcy fluxes. A simple automated spreadsheet tool (Flux‐LM) is presented to allow users to input temperature and layer data and solve the inverse problem to estimate groundwater flux rates from shallow (e.g., <1 m) or deep (e.g., up to 100 m) profiles. The solution is not transient, and thus, it should be cautiously applied where diel signals propagate or in deeper zones where multi‐decadal surface signals have disturbed subsurface thermal regimes.     

中国海及邻区盆地现今地温场特征及其影响因素

现今地温场是构造活动、岩石圈热状态的综合反应,对研究盆地的区域构造演化、深部岩石圈结构和评估油气潜力具有重要意义。地温梯度和大地热流是表征沉积盆地热状况的两个基本参数。虽然我国大陆地区地热数据较丰富,并已经过四次系统汇编,但中国海及邻区盆地地热数据报道较少,且未经过系统整理。本文基于近年来新增的钻井温度数据,新增计算研究区810个地温梯度数据,并收集了国内外数据库、期刊的地热数据,在此基础上,首次系统整理了中国海及邻区盆地地温梯度数据和大地热流数据,绘制了其等值线图,分析了研究区现今地温场特征并讨论了其影响因素。研究结果表明,中国海及邻区盆地平均地温梯度43.2±25.7℃/km,平均大地热流74.4±26.6 mW/m²,多数盆地平均大地热流高于65 mW/m²,属于“热盆”;地温场分布总体呈现较为明显的“两带性”,其中近岸带较冷,远岸带较热;研究区现今地温场特征直接或间接地受控于其所处的构造环境,整体上是太平洋板块等多板块作用下岩石圈伸展减薄的结果,局部地区的热异常可能与断裂活动、岩浆活动、泥-热流底辟活动等因素有关。     

盆地潜凸起岩溶热储地热田成因机理：以菏泽潜凸起为例

盆地潜凸起岩溶热储地热田是我国主要供暖用热储之一,具有分布面积广、水温高、水量大等特点,是北方清洁供暖的重要可再生热源。本文以菏泽潜凸起岩溶热储地热田为例,通过地质构造、岩溶发育特征、同位素和水文地球化学特征、地温场空间分布规律、地热水动力场的系统分析,揭示地热田岩溶地热水补给源、运移途径和富集机理：地热水来源于东北部梁山、东部嘉祥一带基岩山区大气降水入渗补给,主要循环富集于层间岩溶与断裂破碎带复合处。根据地温场空间分布特征揭示的热源及其传递和聚集特征,提出了四元聚热机制,一元是大地热流毯状传导聚热、二元是凸起区高热导率分流聚热、三元是导热断裂或岩体接触带带状对流聚热、四元是地下水运移传导-对流聚热。在热储富集和聚热成因机理研究基础上,构建了基于水源、热源及深部岩溶发育特征的地热田成因机理模型,揭示了地热能富集规律。     

第四纪地层钻具起下钻受阻和岔孔事故处理

在厚第四纪地层中进行勘探施工,最常见且最难以处理的孔内事故钻具下钻受阻,导致经常出现岔孔等孔内事故,对钻探施工影响很大。本文运用现代钻探理论,结合现场事故处理经验等资料,分析论证了在钻进和停钻时地层、泥浆和钻具等因素对钻孔孔径的影响,并对此问题的处理了探讨。     

淮北煤田现今地温场特征及大地热流分布

淮北煤田的高温热害问题愈发突出,但目前对该区系统的地温场特征及大地热流分布研究非常稀少.在系统分析淮北煤田大量地面钻孔井温测井数据和井下巷道围岩温度测试数据的基础上,结合72块岩石样品的热导率测试结果,全面阐述了该区现今地温梯度和大地热流的分布特征.研究表明:淮北煤田现今地温梯度众值介于1.80~2.80 ℃/100 m之间,平均地温梯度为2.42 ℃/100 m;大地热流值变化范围为39.52~74.12 mW/m2,平均热流值为55.72 mW/m2,地温梯度和热流值均低于同处华北板块的其他盆地以及南部的淮南煤田;大地热流受地温梯度控制明显,两者分布较为相似,整体表现为南高北低、西高东低的特点.结果表明,区内现今地温场和热流分布主要受区域地质背景和区内构造格局的控制.      

松软煤系地层深孔绳索取心钻探实践

长春市高家窝棚—双泉眼矿区为松软煤系地层,采用绳索取心液动冲击回转钻进方法,选择加大钻孔孔壁与钻杆环状间隙的钻孔结构;经实验选择以粘土、共聚物、植物胶、铵盐、腐植酸钾、磺化沥青、聚丙烯酸钾等材料配制的冲洗液,并加强冲洗液的日常维护管理;配备离心式除泥机;套管丝扣连接处涂抹松香（粘结剂）,并用薄钢板焊接补强丝扣连接处,防止套管脱扣等技术措施,成功地完成了2个深孔的钻孔施工,终孔深度分别为1112.45 m（ZK6405孔）和1359.95 m（ZK3201孔）,岩心采取率达到100%,煤心样品没有燃烧破坏现象,较好地满足了地质的要求。