自然生境下盐角草的生物学特征及其影响因子

盐角草(Salicornia europaea L.)是一种典型的盐沼湿生植物,在盐渍重的地方常纯群分布,据报道是最耐盐的高等陆生植物之一。通过观测新疆境内3个区域5个典型种群的盐角草有关生物学参数及土壤水、盐等环境因子,发现:(1)随着土壤水分的减少,盖度减小,伴生种增多;随着盐分的加重,盖度减小,伴生种减少,成为单优势种;(2)不同生境下盐角草种群的密度变异很大,从190株/m2~6578株/m2不等。密度与株高、生物量、冠根比、分枝数及土壤水、盐等呈负相关,而与土壤容重显著正相关;(3)生物量与土壤含水量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与土壤水溶性盐离子Na 、Cl-有较高的正相关,这两方面都是促进盐角草生长的主要土壤因素;(4)分枝数与土壤含水量及土壤水溶性Cl-含量显著正相关(p<0.05),说明高的土壤水、盐含量促进分枝;(5)盐角草植株的冠根比范围为13.75~85.39,大于一般农作物,是盐角草适应盐沼环境的显著特征之一。     

地下洞室围岩脆性破坏时的应力特征研究

在高应力作用下,岩爆、钻孔崩落、片帮都是地下空间硬脆围岩中常见的破坏现象,这三类现象本质上均可归于完整岩体的脆性破坏,它们分别反映了高应力作用下完整岩体不同的破坏程度。通过对前人关于岩爆判据、钻孔崩落判据和片帮应力强度比判据研究成果的类比分析可知,这些脆性破坏现象在破坏时具备相同的应力背景条件。脆性破坏的应力条件可以用地下空间周边切向最大应力与岩石单轴抗压强度之比（ / ）或者工程区最大主应力与岩石单轴抗压强度之比（ / ）来描述,两种指标本质上反映了相同的应力背景条件。对于 / , / = 0.4 ± 0.1是发生脆性破坏的应力临界条件;对于 / , / = 0.15 ± 0.05是发生脆性破坏的应力临界条件。大量的工程实例和基于Hoek-Brown强度准则的力学分析也证明了这一背景条件的正确性。这里两种指标都取了一个范围,主要是由于不同的岩体分级、岩性和工程地质条件会对指标的界定产生较为显著的影响。     

Surface joint systems, tectonic stresses and geomorphology: a reconciliation of conflicting observations

This note seeks to reconcile the widespread small-scale fractographic observations indicating that surface joints are extension fractures with the frequently observed occurrence of such joints as what appear to be nearly orthogonal conjugate sets, their strikes fitting the shear lines of the neotectonic stress field. It is suggested that the local appearance of joints as extension fractures may have nothing to do with their orientation in the large-scale neotectonic stress field, inasmuch as extrapolations from a local scale to plate-tectonic dimensions are quite speculative. Thus, the local extension-characteristics of the joint surfaces may be acquired at the latest stage of their genesis as a result of the corresponding rock faces becoming exposed, but the geometrically orientational attributes may be conditioned by the shear in the surrounding large-scale neotectonic stress field; a new possible mechanism for reconciling the conflicting local and large-scale observations is suggested.     

Computer aided design of geosynthetic reinforced soil walls

Summary The computer aided design of geosynthetic reinforced soil walls is reported. The magnitude of tensile forces in the geosynthetic reinforcement has also been studied under external vertical and horizontal strip loads.     

Improvement in the interpretation of stress measurements by use of the overcoring method: development of a new approach

Determination of the state of the initial stresses in a rock formation is still one of the most important and complex problems in geotechnics. The over-coring method of measuring the stresses is one of the measurement methods most frequently used in geotechnics. It has been shown to be highly suitable for measuring the stresses in “hard and sound” rocks. However, applied to rocks which have a partialy elastic behaviour the method comes up against many problems the biggest of which are: (1) the non-elastic behaviour of the rock; and (2) the presence of natural fractures or those caused by the overcoring operation. These problems make it impossible to obtain correct deformation measurements which can be interpreted in terms of stresses. To overcome these problems, a new method has been developed based on the use of the deformations recorded at the start of the overcoring tests this method is the subject of the present article.     

Variability of the hemocyte parameters of cultivated mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lmk 1819) in Sabaudia (Latina,Italy) coastal lagoon

The Sabaudia's lake consists of a protected coastal lagoon, located in the central Italy, historically characterized by recurrent mortality events of marine fauna during warmer months. A field study was monthly conducted on mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis cultivated inside the lagoon, measuring hemocyte parameters as total circulating count (THC), viability (HV), spreading and oxidative response to in vitro phagocytosis stimulation. A depression of the immune response was observed during the spring season, as indicated by higher values of hemocyte circularity and lower luminescence levels related to respiratory burst, also associated to modulation of THC and HV. The water temperature and the oxygen concentration appeared as the major environmental factors having influence on the phagocytosis activity. Therefore, the hemocyte variations have been intended as early danger signal to evaluate the immunodepression induced by the environmental stressors which could reveal in advance the development of critical situations for mussel survival.     

Dynamic response of marine risers by single wave and spectral analysis methods

This paper uses the Galerkin method in the solution of the marine riser differential equation and compares the dynamic bending stresses in a tension-leg-platform riser calculated by the linearised single wave and linearised spectral analysis methods.The results show that it is possible to make some rational assessment of approximate peak values of bending stress in the spectral method.The analysis methods are applicable to any riser system subject to horizontal exciting forces due to fluid and vessel motion.     

Vertical stress distributions around batter piles driven in cross‐anisotropic media

This work presents analytical solutions to compute the vertical stresses for a cross‐anisotropic half‐space due to various loading types by batter piles. The loading types are an embedded point load for an end‐bearing pile, uniform skin friction, and linear variation of skin friction for a friction pile. The cross‐anisotropic planes are parallel to the horizontal ground surface. The proposed solutions can be obtained by utilizing Wang and Liao's solutions for a horizontal and vertical point load acting in the interior of a cross‐anisotropic medium. The derived cross‐anisotropic solutions using a limiting approach are in perfect agreement with the isotropic solutions of Ramiah and Chickanagappa with the consideration of pile inclination. Additionally, the present solutions are identical to the cross‐anisotropic solutions by Wang for the batter angle equals to 0. The influential factors in yielded solutions include the type and degree of geomaterial anisotropy, pile inclination, and distinct loading types. An example is illustrated to clarify the effect of aforementioned factors on the vertical stresses. The parametric results reveal that the stresses considering the geomaterial anisotropy and pile batter differ from those of previous isotropic and cross‐anisotropic solutions. Hence, it is imperative to take the pile inclination into account when piles are required to transmit both the axial and lateral loads in the cross‐anisotropic media. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Large-scale zonal flow and magnetic field generation due to drift-Alfven turbulence in ionosphere plasma

In the present work, the generation of large-scale zonal flows and magnetic field by short-scale collision-less electron skin depth order drift-Alfven turbulence in the ionosphere is investigated. The self-consistent system of two model nonlinear equations, describing the dynamics of wave structures with characteristic scales till to the skin value, is obtained. Evolution equations for the shear flows and the magnetic field is obtained by means of the averaging of model equations for the fast-high-frequency and small-scale fluctuations. It is shown that the large-scale disturbances of plasma motion and magnetic field are spontaneously generated by small-scale drift-Alfven wave turbulence through the nonlinear action of the stresses of Reynolds and Maxwell. Positive feedback in the system is achieved via modulation of the skin size drift-Alfven waves by the large-scale zonal flow and/or by the excited large-scale magnetic field. As a result, the propagation of small-scale wave packets in the ionospheric medium is accompanied by low-frequency, long-wave disturbances generated by parametric instability. Two regimes of this instability, resonance kinetic and hydrodynamic ones, are studied. The increments of the corresponding instabilities are also found. The conditions for the instability development and possibility of the generation of large-scale structures are determined. The nonlinear increment of this interaction substantially depends on the wave vector of Alfven pumping and on the characteristic scale of the generated zonal structures. This means that the instability pumps the energy of primarily small-scale Alfven waves into that of the large-scale zonal structures which is typical for an inverse turbulent cascade. The increment of energy pumping into the large-scale region noticeably depends also on the width of the pumping wave spectrum and with an increase of the width of the initial wave spectrum the instability can be suppressed. It is assumed that the investigated mechanism can refer directly to the generation of mean flow in the atmosphere of the rotating planets and the magnetized plasma.     

水压致裂应力测量在隧道工程中的应用

通过钻孔内的水压致裂方法直接测量原地应力,获得隧道区地应力的各种力学参数,根据各种地应力测量结果进行综合研究对比,提出深埋隧道围岩的稳定性程度,并判断和推测隧道施工期间发生岩爆的可能性,为隧道设计提供重要依据,方法直观,效果良好.