矿山地震监测技术的进展及最新成果

回顾了矿山地震监测的简史,介绍了近期矿震监测技术改造情况．抚顺小孔径矿山地震台网的监测取得了比较完整的观测资料．矿震定位结果表明了矿震与开采进程的相关性．用岩石断裂力学和损伤理论的研究成果对于两类不同矿震的成因给出了最新解释．观测资料证实了矿震与瓦斯溢出的相关性．这些结果表明．在一定条件下．矿震可能成为瓦斯溢出的预警信号．由此证明,实现矿震与瓦斯浓度的联合监测是重要的,也是可行的．矿山地质灾害的综合地球物理监测对于地震成因的研究具有重要的中尺度实验意义,同时对于煤矿安全生产也将带来重要效益．     

Successful sidetracking of a well onshore Germany by integration of 3D vertical seismic profiling technology – a case study

The exploration for and exploitation of deep Lower Rotliegend gasfields onshore in North Germany often suffers from poor surface seismic imaging. This is owing to the depth of the reservoirs and a thick and complex Zechstein salt overburden. RWE Dea conducted a 3D vertical seismic profile (VSP) survey in a low‐performing production well after the borehole was plugged near total depth. Our main objective was to improve the seismic image of the reservoir zone in the vicinity of the well to determine a new landing point for a planned sidetrack. Because acquisition was in a densely populated and also partially environmentally protected area, there were surface restrictions concerning source deployment. Additionally, due to the complex geological setting, we conducted two 2D VSP field tests and thorough pre‐survey modelling to achieve the best results in terms of seismic imaging, environmental impact and reasonable cost. Deformation bands in the drill core suggest that the initial well was drilled close to a major fault, which was regarded as the main reason for the disappointing production rate. Therefore, we put special emphasis on fault detection in our processing and interpretation. Our interpretation approach used an enhanced structural mapping workflow that helped to design a sidetrack. When the sidetrack was drilled two years later, it ended up being one of the most productive wells in the field.     

A methodology to estimate the maximum offset and reflection imaging radius for a 2D/3D vertical seismic profiling survey

We have developed a straightforward and ray based methodology to estimate both the maximum offset and reflection imaging radius for multi‐layered velocity models, which can be used for a 2D/3D VSP survey design. Through numerical examples, we demonstrate that the presence of a high‐velocity layer above a target zone significantly reduces the maximum offset and reflection imaging radius. Our numerical examples also show that including in a migration VSP data acquired beyond a recommended maximum offset, radically degrades the quality of the final VSP image. In addition, unlike the conventional straight‐line based approximation that often produces an incorrect large reflection imaging radius, our methodology predicts the VSP imaging radius with more accuracy than does the conventional approximation.     

小波分析及其在我国地球物理学研究中的应用进展

小波分析在当前数学领域、物理领域和地质领域中,是一个发展迅速的分析工具,它同时具有理论上的深刻性和应用的广泛性.由于小波具有时频分析的重要特性,已经在地球物理的相关问题研究中显示其独特的作用.本文较全面的介绍了小波分析理论基础、发展历史,及其在我国地球物理学研究中的应用进展,并在此基础上对地球物理领域小波分析所存在的问题以及应用前景作了进一步的分析.     

焦家断裂带南段深部地球物理地球化学特征与找矿方向

该文选取焦家断裂带南段的徐村院—史家地区作为研究的重点地区。通过可控源音频大地电磁测深、激电测深、钻探验证等手段,首次确定焦家断裂带自徐村院—姬家—黄家西—史家西—大尹家东一线延伸方向,将焦家断裂带沿走向向南推断了6km;认为焦家断裂带南段倾向W,倾角30°~50°,局部可达78°,断裂平面上呈S形,形态不规则;查明了焦家断裂带南段深部地球物理、地球化学特征;钻探揭露了焦家断裂带南延位置,拓展了焦家金矿带的找矿空间,提出了新的找矿方向。     

Joint 3D processing of active and passive seismic data

Passive seismic provides additional illumination sources in producing reservoirs, improving the Earth's imaging obtained by standard 3D seismic surveys. The joint tomographic inversion of surface and borehole data, both active and passive, even allows the delineation of thin reservoirs that cannot be resolved by reflection tomography. As an application example, we present a feasibility study for a real case of CO₂ geological storage, showing that this operation may benefit both environment and reservoir monitoring. The origin time of micro‐earthquakes due to production operations is critical for merging active and passive data. We show here that the Wadati's method is not accurate for borehole data in a layered earth model, when the ratio between P and S velocities is not constant, as occurs in most hydrocarbon reservoirs. This drawback can be solved by deploying a few receivers at the surface close to the well.     

江汉平原主要河流沉积物磁学特征及其与物源区表壳岩性的响应

为了建立江汉平原沉积物示踪的磁学模型,对汇入江汉平原的主要河流现代沉积物磁学特征进行了研究,结果表明:(1)在江汉平原范围内,无论长江、汉江,还是周边的漳河、沮水、玛瑙河和清江,它们的现代沉积物的磁学参数特征均显示出明显的差异,而且和源区表壳岩性也显示出极好的相关性;(2)长江和汉江现代沉积物中铁磁性矿物均以亚铁磁性矿物为主,它们主导了样品的磁性特征,但长江沉积物比汉江沉积物亚铁磁性矿物含量高;(3)长江和汉江沉积物的亚铁磁性矿物晶粒都以假单畴-多畴为主,并且长江沉积物磁性颗粒总体上要比汉江的粗;(4)在汇入江汉平原的主要支流中,汉江的亚铁磁性矿物含量远远高于其他支流,且磁性矿物的晶粒也比其他支流的粗;(5)除汉江以外的支流中,玛瑙河沉积物中磁性矿物的晶粒比较细且不完全反铁磁性矿物含量较高,漳河中的超顺磁物质含量较高,而清江中不完全反铁磁性矿物含量较高且磁性矿物的晶粒相对较粗.上述结果表明,在江汉平原利用沉积物的磁学特征可达到沉积物物源示踪的目的.      

武汉天兴洲近代沉积物的磁性特征及其环境意义

利用多磁性参数(包括质量磁化率、频率磁化率、饱和等温剩磁、退磁系数以及热磁曲线)及磁组构分析,以长江中游武汉天兴洲近代河流沉积物为研究对象, 探讨了近100年以来沉积物磁性参数变化特征及其对长江中上游水文变化及气候环境的指示.结果表明,上部组合带(0.60~1.50 m)和下部组合带(2.40~3.30 m)沉积物的磁性载体以亚铁磁性矿物磁铁矿为主,同时存在少量较稳定的不完整反铁磁性物质,中部(1.50~2.40 m)亚铁磁性矿物相对较少,且剖面上部沉积物的超顺磁(SP)颗粒对沉积物χ贡献较大.整个沉积剖面自下而上磁性矿物含量呈“C”字型变化,反映了“软”-“硬”-“软”的磁性特性.沉积物磁组构组合带研究显示,历史时期沉积环境水动力强度、颗粒排列有序化程度以及长江流速发生了明显的变化,沉积环境水动力强度经历了“不稳定”－“稳定”－“不稳定”的变化过程,反映了长江古水文状况的变化.近代沉积物磁性特征变化格局与1900年以来以来长江中上游“暖湿”-“温凉”-“暖湿”气候环境变化和“强降水”-“弱降水”-“强降水”以及长江汉口站流量变化过程相吻合.这一研究成果为深刻认识历史时期长江流域气候环境变迁其及对长江古水文和沉积环境的影响提供了重要的参考资料.      

山东省邹平火山岩盆地铜矿地球物理综合找矿模型及找矿方向

邹平地区是山东省内最主要的铜矿产地和成矿远景区,先后发现了王家庄铜矿和碑楼铜矿,构成了区内典型的次火山岩型矿床系列。该文通过搜集和研究邹平火山岩区以往多年的信息资料,并结合近几年的地质物化探工作及其找矿成果,初步建立了邹平火山岩盆地铜矿的地球物理综合找矿模型,并以此为基础就下一步该区找矿方向进行了分析和探讨。     

Seismic driven probabilistic classification of reservoir facies for static reservoir modelling: a case history in the Barents Sea

In this paper we present a case history of seismic reservoir characterization where we estimate the probability of facies from seismic data and simulate a set of reservoir models honouring seismically‐derived probabilistic information. In appraisal and development phases, seismic data have a key role in reservoir characterization and static reservoir modelling, as in most of the cases seismic data are the only information available far away from the wells. However seismic data do not provide any direct measurements of reservoir properties, which have then to be estimated as a solution of a joint inverse problem. For this reason, we show the application of a complete workflow for static reservoir modelling where seismic data are integrated to derive probability volumes of facies and reservoir properties to condition reservoir geostatistical simulations. The studied case is a clastic reservoir in the Barents Sea, where a complete data set of well logs from five wells and a set of partial‐stacked seismic data are available. The multi‐property workflow is based on seismic inversion, petrophysics and rock physics modelling. In particular, log‐facies are defined on the basis of sedimentological information, petrophysical properties and also their elastic response. The link between petrophysical and elastic attributes is preserved by introducing a rock‐physics model in the inversion methodology. Finally, the uncertainty in the reservoir model is represented by multiple geostatistical realizations. The main result of this workflow is a set of facies realizations and associated rock properties that honour, within a fixed tolerance, seismic and well log data and assess the uncertainty associated with reservoir modelling.