FBS-3A型反馈式宽频带地震计的传递函数

FBS-3A型反馈式宽频带地震计是目前广泛使用的一种地震计．对其传递函数开展相关研究，对仪器的使用、观测数据的分析，以及仪器的设计开发具有十分重要的实际意义．本文运用系统分析方法，从阐明仪器的工作原理入手，详尽地推导了该地震计的传递函数（包括标定过程的传递函数和测量过程的传递函数）；在此基础上，分析了其零、极点在复频域的分布情况，从而提供了将该地震计系统从一个高阶系统简化成为一个二阶系统的依据．此外，还以传递函数为基础，对该地震计的频率特性进行了数学仿真计算.      

Transfer function of FBS-3A feedback broadband seismometer

IntroductionFBS-3A feedback broadband seismometer is a sensor suitable for digital telemetered seismic network observation, which was developed in a key project among the (Eighth Five-Year Plan( to meet the demand for the development of earthquake and premonitor digital observation experiment system (ZHAO, et al, 1997; ZHUANG, 1995).FBS-3A is quite different from conventional mechanical seismometers because electronic feedback technology is applied to it, as a result the measurement ba…     

Optimum design of Ocean bottom seismometers

Ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) have been widely used during the past decade to collect seismic data for determination of the structure of the oceanic lithosphere, stress patterns in regions of earthquake activity, and geoacoustic parameters of the ocean floor. Data quality from these experiments has often been disappointing because of poor signal quality and high noise levels. Many of these problems result from motion of the OBS package that is decoupled from motion of the ocean floor. These coupling problems are more serious in the ocean than on land because of the low shear strengths of most ocean sediments. In this paper we continue to develop the theory of coupling of OBSs to soft sediments and arrive at results suggesting that OBS packages should be designed with: (1) the minimum mass possible, (2) radius of area in contact with the sediment proportional to the cube root of the mass, and the maximum radius less than 1/4 of the shear wavelength, (3) density of the OBS approximately that of the sediment, (4) a low profile and a small vertical cross section with water, and (5) low density gradients, and maximum symmetry about the vertical axis. Agreement of the theory with test data is good; most deviations are reasonable, given limitations of the theory and experiments. The theory also suggests that the coupling frequency, the frequency above which the OBS does not follow the motion of the sediment, is directly proportional to the sediment shear velocity.     

Precise Positioning of Ocean Bottom Seismometer by Using Acoustic Transponder and CTD

We have obtained precise estimates of the position of Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) on the sea bottom. Such estimates are usually uncertain due to their free falling deployment. This uncertainty is small enough, or is correctable, with OBS spacing of more than 10 km usually employed in crustal studies. But, for example, if the spacing is only 200 m for OBS reflection studies, estimates of the position with an accuracy of the order of 10 m or more is required.The determination was carried out with the slant range data, ship position data and a 1D acoustic velocity structure calculated from Conductivity–Temperature–Depth (CTD) data, if they are available. The slant range data were obtained by an acoustic transponder system designed for the sinker releasing of the OBS or travel time data of direct water wave arrivals by airgun shooting. The ship position data was obtained by a single GPS or DGPS. The method of calculation was similar to those used for earthquake hypocenter determination.The results indicate that the accuracy of determined OBS positions is enough for present OBS experiments, which becomes order of 1 m by using the DGPS and of less than 10 m by using the single GPS, if we measure the distance from several positions at the sea surface by using a transponder system which is not designed for the precise ranging. The geometry of calling positions is most important to determine the OBS position, even if we use the data with larger error, such as the direct water wave arrival data. The 1D acoustic velocity structure should be required for the correct depth of the OBS. Although it is rare that we use a CTD, even an empirical velocity structure works well.     

检波器组合对高分辨率地震勘探的影响

基于检波器组合各点为平面简谐波同相叠加的假设,地震勘探野外施工多将检波器组合作为压制噪音提高原始资料信噪比的一种主要手段,但实际野外地震地质因素难以满足假设条件,导致由多个检波器组合叠加的地震信号存在一定程度的畸变,进而影响到信号的振幅和频率。通过对组合基距及组内距的计算,论证了检波器组合对信号频率及振幅的影响程度。实际资料分析证明,检波器组合在噪音压制的同时也会损伤到有效信号,尤其高频信息成份;过大的检波器组合基距,不仅会降低原始资料信噪比,甚至还会降低原始资料频率。据此提出在高信噪比地区,采集地震数据宜采用较小检波器组合基距,以提高原始资料的分辨率。     

高密度地震勘探的激发和接收技术探讨

可控震源作为一种高效、低耗、无污染的激发方式,在低频和高频端具有更宽的扫描频率,比传统炸药震源更适合高密度地震勘探。另外,由于新型可控震源的面世,使地表开阔地区的多台或单台震源在加密炮点网格作业方式时的生产效率比常规炸药激发方式提高一个数量级以上。在接收技术方面,最新的428XL系统具有很高的带道能力,其加速度数字检波器与常规地震检波器相比不但重量轻、体积小,而且在0-800Hz频带范围内没有振幅和相位畸变,动态范围更大,有利于提高地震资料的分辨率与保真度。国内多块高密度勘探实践证明:采用多台或单台可控震源高密度激发,单点数字检波器进行高密度接收,在炮点和检波点两个方面同时进行加密空间采样作业方式具有明显的优势。     

新型正交型三分量检波器的研制及现场试验

已有的三分量检波器在尾锥与地表紧耦合条件下 ,无法调节方位角及倾角。首次利用袖珍经纬仪指示方位角和水平程度 ,再由万向装置调节 ,使所有新型正交型三分量检波器的方向 ,在一条测线的各物理点上一致 ,保证方位角误差小于 2°,且每个检波器的xy面处于水平面 ,即z分量处于铅直方向 ,倾角误差小于 1.5°。用新型正交型的三分量检波器和已有的三分量检波器进行现场试验。从试验结果看 ,用新型三分量检波器采集到的三分量资料的信噪比要比用原有的三分量检波器采集三分量资料高。     

837工程中长周期地震计中短周期信号的提取

介绍从８３７工程中长周期摆中提取短周期信号的工作，其意义是利用现有的８３７工程中长周期摆增加区域台网的近震控制能力。该项工作主要是设计一个带有特殊滤波器的前置放大器，此滤波器在选取归一化参数时要求，以达到抑制低频而提取所需高频信号的目的。     

甚宽频带地震计频域标定的相关处理技术--用正交相关法提高大噪声条件下正弦波标定的精度

研究了正交相关法的数学原理,给出了仿真计算与测试应用的实例。结果表明,正交相关法具有很强的噪声抑制能力,克服了大噪声对标定精度的影响,大大提高了甚宽频带地震计的频域标定精度。     

Application of a New Qeneration of Geophonesto Improve Seismic Acquisitionin Onshore-offshore Transition Areas

In this paper, we review the differences between velocity geophones （VG） and acceleration geophones （AG） and their effect on seismic signals acquired in onshore-offshore transition areas. We present a new generation of Land Piezoelectric Geophone （LPG） and analyze its performance. Our field experiments demonstrate that our new LPG can be used to substitute for VGs in order to eliminate phase, frequency and energy differences between different geophone systems commonlv used in transition areas.