Culture,demography and biogeography of sponge science: From past conferences to strategic research?

Perceived changes in the culture of sponge science and sponge conferences served as motivation for an evaluation of the sponge science community and research, over time and at present. Observed changes included a decrease in proceedings publications on sponge fossils and freshwater sponges, sponges from temperate environments, review papers and data syntheses, frequency of aquarium studies, and number of species investigated per publication. Publications on recent sponges, hexactinellids, calcareans, marine, Indo‐Pacific and warm‐water sponges increased, as well as the number of authors per publication and the proportion of field studies. Studies at the level of specimens and ultrastructure were gradually replaced by molecular approaches, but studies at the community level remained stable. The five sub‐disciplines morphology/taxonomy, phylogeny/evolution, physiology, ecology and faunistics also retained about equal proportions over time. Conference publications related to taxonomy, phylogeny and biodiversity prevailed, whereas those on management and conservation were rare, possibly because studies on sponge recovery, survival and mortality were also scarce. The community of sponge scientists has grown and become more diverse over time, presently representing 72 nations. The gender distribution evened out since the first sponge conference and presently favours women at early and men at late career stages. Although stated research interests are generally dominated by physiology and ecology, taxonomy and evolution are favoured after retirement. Sponge science has become more dynamic, but maybe also more competitive and less inclusive. We now face the dual challenge of safeguarding against the loss of some sub‐disciplines, and fostering the collaborative, helpful culture characteristic of sponge science.     

直立式防波堤口门区海啸局部冲刷规律实验研究

海啸作为世界上最严重的自然灾害之一,其巨大的破坏力使得近海建筑物遭受了严重的损害。基于波浪水槽实验,开展海啸波作用下不同口门距离的防波堤局部冲刷机理实验研究。实验结果表明,在海啸波越顶水流产生的水跌以及海啸波通过防波堤口门时产生的扰流共同作用下,口门中心线处产生明显的局部冲刷坑,随着口门距离的增加,防波堤局部冲刷先加剧后减弱。建立防波堤局部最大冲刷深度与海啸波波高、防波堤宽度及出水高度、口门间距的关系式,揭示了最大局部冲刷深度与海啸波波高、防波堤尺寸、口门距离的内在关系。     

中国生产控制型产业减排的居民福利和区域影响

基于SAM均衡建模方法,建立面向居民福利研究的中国动态多区域社会公平CGE政策模拟模型,对比分析自然情景、生产控制型减排政策情景和最优增长情景下的区域和居民福利变化。研究发现减排政策存在明显的增长率区域分异,这将破坏在自然增长下存在的区域收敛力,导致中国区域之间的差距再度被拉大。面向减排的投资控制政策短期对于居民收入的不利影响较小,但长期影响不容忽视,需要进行居民收入保护。由于城镇退休居民和农村劳动居民已经具备针对性的养老保障政策和“三农政策”保护收入增长,其总体福利受减排政策的冲击较小,因此缺乏相应政策支持的城镇劳动居民应该是收入保护的优先考虑群体。模拟显示减排政策更有利于代际和城乡人均收入差距的缩小,但考虑到减排带来的绝对收入水平下降,不能过于乐观估计这种差距缩小效应。     

Effects of different gap filling methods and land surface energy balance closure on annual net ecosystem exchange in a semiarid area of China

Based on eddy covariance measurements over two kinds of land surfaces(a degraded grassland and a maize cropland)in a semiarid area of China in 2005 and 2008,the effects of different gap filling methods,energy balance closure and friction velocity threshold(u*)on annual net ecosystem exchange(NEE)were analyzed.Six gap filling methods,including mean diurnal variation(MDV),marginal distribution sampling(MDS),and nonlinear regressions method,were investigated by generating secondary datasets with four different artificial gap lengths(ranging in length from single half-hours to 12 consecutive days).The MDS generally showed a good overall performance especially for long gaps,with an annual sum bias error less than 5 g C m-2 yr-1.There was a large positive annual sum bias error for nonlinear regressions,indicating an overestimate on net ecosystem respiration.The offset in the annual sum NEE for four nonlinear regressions was from 8.0 to 30.8 g C m-2 yr-1.As soil water content was a limiting factor in the semiarid area,the nonlinear regressions considering both soil temperature and soil water content as controlling variables had a better performance than others.The performance of MDV was better in daytime than in nighttime,with an annual sum bias error falling between-2.6 and-13.4 g C m-2 yr-1.Overall,the accuracy of the gap filling method was dependent on the type of the land surface,gap length,and the time of day when the data gap occurred.The energy balance ratio for the two ecosystems was nearly 80%.Turbulent intensity had a large impact on energy balance ratio.Low energy balance ratio was observed under low friction velocity during the night.When there was a large fetch distance in a wind direction,a low energy balance ratio was caused by mismatch of the footprints between the available energy and turbulent fluxes.The effect of energy balance correction on CO2 flux was evaluated by assuming the imbalance caused by the underestimation of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux.The results showed an average increase of 10 g C m-2 yr-1 for annual NEE in both ecosystems with an energy balance correction.On the other hand,the u*threshold also have a large impact on annual sum NEE.Net carbon emission increased 37.5 g C m-2 yr-1 as u*threshold increased from 0.1 to 0.2 m s-1,indicating a large impact of imposing u*threshold on net ecosystem carbon exchange.     

山东省地区经济差距的地带与产业来源分解

通过利用变异系数法对1989~2012年山东省地区经济差距演变的统计分析和利用Theil指数法对差距来源的结构分解表明,山东省地区经济差距呈现倒“U”型变化轨迹,以东部内部差距为主导的地带内差距和以第二、三产业为主导的产业内差距,构成了1989~2012年山东省经济差距的主要地带来源和产业来源,地带间差距和产业间差距仍不可忽视。根据实证结论,建议政府部门在依地区要素禀赋调整产业布局、促进优势企业跨地区扩张、提高对落后地区的教育扶持等方面加强宏观政策调控,以兼顾地区经济平衡与产业结构优化。     

2008年汶川8．0级地震前川青块体及邻区地震活动性分析

本文简要分析了2008年5月12日汶川8．0级地震前川青块体及邻区的地震活动性特征。结果表明,汶川地震发生的龙门山断裂本身历史地震活动水平不高,其周边的鲜水河断裂、岷江断裂、虎牙断裂等历史上强震多发;汶川8．0级地震前龙门山断裂带3级以上中小地震活动增强或平静异常现象不明显,地震活动参数值均在正常变化区间内;4级以上地震异常平静,形成了地震空区;2007年底到2008年初位于龙门山断裂带及其附近台站的0．1级以上小震月频度增强明显。     

Numerical study of an oscillating smaller cylinder in the wake of an upstream larger cylinder

A numerical study of flow around two tandem cylinders with unequal diameters was carried out. The upstream larger cylinder was fixed and the downstream smaller cylinder was allowed to oscillate in the transverse direction only. Comparisons of the experimental and numerical results were made to investigate the effects of the gap ratio on the maximum vibration amplitude and vortex shedding frequency. The results showed that the vibration response of the smaller cylinder was significantly affected by the presence of the upstream larger cylinder, and resulted in greatly reduced vibration amplitudes. With an increasing gap ratio, the vibration amplitude increased. However, the magnitude was lower than that corresponding to a single cylinder (with the same diameter as that of the downstream smaller cylinder) under the same flow conditions.     

青藏高原北部地区7级以上地震前地震活动特征

发现青藏高原北部7级以上地震前震中区普遍存在5级以上地震空段,空段时间在7~33年之间,且在青海发生的7级以上地震前震中区还存在ML≥4.0级地震空区,四川北部的7级以上地震前弱震活动出现显著增强现象。未来2~8年间青藏高原北部有可能发生7级以上地震,其危险区域为祁连地震带西部、甘肃东南部、宁夏和内蒙西部。     

天然闪锌矿矿物学特征与光催化性能

本文采集了我国19个产地的天然闪锌矿进行矿物学和光催化性能研究。样品皆为立方Zn S结构,化学成分变化较大,其中Fe对闪锌矿中Zn的替代范围为0.235%~14.826%(质量分数,下同),Cd对闪锌矿中Zn的替代范围为0.133%~1.576%。闪锌矿中Fe含量由低到高,导致颜色由浅变深直至呈黑色,半导体禁带宽度由大变小,估算获得天然闪锌矿的禁带宽度范围为3.18~2.28 e V,明显低于纯Zn S禁带宽度3.68 e V,光催化响应均在可见光范围。验证光催化实验结果表明含Fe较低、含Cd较高的天然闪锌矿可见光催化还原降解甲基橙的效果较佳,如可见光下1 g/L闪锌矿样品(含铁4.262%,含镉1.576%)对30 mg/L甲基橙催化反应4 h后的脱色降解率达到82.11%。天然闪锌矿中Fe含量影响着禁带宽度和光响应范围,Cd含量影响着光催化性能,为高附加值开发利用贱金属资源天然闪锌矿提供了科学依据。     

区际资本流动与区域发展差距——对中国银行间信贷资本流动的分析

一国经济发展初期,区际资本流动通常是导致区域发展差距形成、扩大的重要原因--资本往往从发展条件较差的地区流向发展条件较好的地区,从而产生“好者更好、差者更差”的马太效应。银行间信贷资本流动是区际资本流动的重要形式。本文通过构建计量方法对中国区域发展差距扩大阶段(1978-2003 年) 银行间信贷资本的区际流动方向进行测度,并分析其成因。计量结果发现,存在区际间信贷资本流动的年份,资本并未从发展条件较差的中西部地区流向发展条件较好的东部地区,而呈现相反的流动。这表明银行间信贷资本的区际流动至少在一定程度上缩小而不是扩大了区域发展差距。进一步分析发现,政府对信贷的管制以及市场环境的变化分别导致了1994年以前以及1994 年以后的银行间信贷资本流动。