论青藏铁路修筑中的冻土环境保护问题

本文通过研究已建青藏公路修筑过程中寒区冻土环境和生态环境的破坏特征，分析总结了寒区环境破坏对公路工程的影响。青藏公路工程修建活动极大地改变了冻土环境，使得多年冻土退化，上限加深，诱发了一系列冻胀、融沉、热融滑塌等冻融灾害，使得生态环境原本就很脆弱的寒区环境更加恶化，如植被退化、荒漠化等，同时，冻土环境的破坏也使得工程环境恶化，直接影响青藏公路正常交通运输。因此，在即将进行的青藏铁路修筑工程中，必须深入研究其对冻土环境的影响，对冻土环境问题和环境保护应予以足够的重视。     

煤矿立井非采动破裂工程地质勘察方法

深厚表土中煤矿立井非采动破裂是一种新的矿井地质灾害。以往的煤田地质勘探工作没有涉及该问题。本文建议立井破裂工程地质勘察可划分为初步勘察和详细勘察两阶段，提出了各阶段应包含的具体工作内容和工作方法；特别是提出要进行模拟土与井壁相互作用试验，获得不同埋深土层与井壁相互作用的力学参数；提出在勘探阶段判断厚表土层中煤矿立井非采动破裂的系统工作方法。最后给出了一勘察分析实例。     

土体饱和度确定的两个问题

本文探讨了有关土饱和度确定的两个问题，由于试验技术手段的限制，土堆栈 饱和度只能通过其它物理性质指标之间的关系来求取，这样换算得到的饱和度往往偏大，并且，根据实验分析，地下水位以下的粘性土并不都是饱和的，因此，在岩土工程中，非饱和土工力学亟待深入研究。     

桩在饱和土中水平振动的辐射阻尼简化算法

将适用于单相土－桩系统的Novak的平面应变假设和Gazetas的分象限假设推广到饱和土－桩系统中。通过简化后的微分方程推导了饱和土－桩系统辐射阻尼系数的解析解答。最后用算例说明了饱和土中两个压缩波的特性，比较了饱和土和单相土的单位桩长辐射阻尼系数，比较了简化算法和三维有限元方法求得的桩头幅射阻尼比，结果证明简化算法在一定条件下适用于计算层饱和土－桩系统的辐射阻尼。     

土的可恢复剪胀的一种解释

从土的各向异怀角度对土的可恢复剪胀现象进行了解释。基于各向异性情况下的土体弹性本构关系理论分析，认为土的可恢复剪胀现象可部分归因于土的各向异性引起的弹性剪胀。借助有关土体弹性参数实验结果，研究了应力诱导各迥异性对土体弹性剪胀的影响，结果表明：随土体应力诱导各向异性的增大，土体的弹性剪胀也增大。从土体弹性剪胀角度研究了土的卸荷体缩条件，认为土体卸荷体缩取决于加载应力路径的应力增量比，给出了土体出现卸荷体缩的区域。     

The value of a physically based model versus an empirical approach in the prediction of ephemeral gully erosion for loess-derived soils

A data set on soil losses and controlling factors for 58 ephemeral gullies has been collected in the Belgian loess belt from March 1997 to March 1999. Of the observed ephemeral gullies, 32 developed at the end of winter or in early spring (winter gullies) and 26 ephemeral gullies developed during summer (summer gullies). The assessed data have been used to test the physically based Ephemeral Gully Erosion Model (EGEM) and to compare its performance with the value of simple topographical and morphological indices in the prediction of ephemeral gully erosion.Analysis shows that EGEM is not capable of predicting ephemeral gully cross-sections well. Although conditions for input parameter assessment were ideal, some parameters such as channel erodibility, critical flow shear stress and local rainfall depth showed great uncertainty. Rather than revealing EGEM's inability of predicting ephemeral gully erosion, this analysis stresses the problematic nature of physically based models, since they often require input parameters that are not available or can hardly be obtained.With respect to the value of simple topographical and morphological indices in predicting ephemeral gully erosion, this study shows that for winter gullies and summer gullies, respectively, over 80% and about 75% of the variation in ephemeral gully volume can be explained when ephemeral gully length is known. Moreover, when previously collected data for ephemeral gullies in two Mediterranean study areas and the data for summer gullies formed in the Belgian loess belt are pooled, it appears that one single length (L)–volume (V) relation exists (V=0.048 L^1.29; R²=0.91). These findings imply that predicting ephemeral gully length is a valuable alternative for the prediction of ephemeral gully volume. A simple procedure to predict ephemeral gully length based on topographical thresholds is presented here. Secondly, the empirical length–volume relation can also be used to convert ephemeral gully length data extracted from aerial photos into ephemeral gully volumes.     

吸力对非饱和土抗剪强度的贡献

回顾了非饱和土抗剪强度理论，并进行了评价；系统地分析和总结了吸力对抗剪强度的贡献。     

可变电荷土壤和恒电荷土壤与氢离子相互作用机理

研究了可变电荷土壤和恒电荷土壤与H相互作用的机理，并比较了它们之间的差别，研究结果表明，氢离子输入土壤后可以转化为表面正电荷，可溶性铝和可交换性酸，但是由于土壤的组成和性质不同，不同土壤中H＋三种去向的贡献不同。H＋转化为表面正电荷是由于土壤表面Fe-OH,Al-OH的质子化造成的，因此H＋转化为表面正电荷的能力与土壤中氧化铁的含量密切相关，从而可变电荷土壤中H＋转化为表面正电荷的贡献比恒电荷土壤中的大。H＋转化为可溶性铝的能力与土教育部 的矿物组成密切相关，随着H＋输入量的增加，土壤中可溶性铝的含量也增加。可变电荷土壤中可溶性铝增加的顺序为红壤＞赤红壤＞铁质砖红壤，在H＋的加入量小于15mmol/kg时，黄棕壤的可溶性铝介于红壤和赤红壤之间，当H＋的加入量大于约15mmol/kg时，黄棕壤的可溶性铝略小于赤红壤，棕壤的可溶性铝明显小于红壤和赤红壤，但比铁质砖红壤高，恒电荷土壤的可变性酸量明显大于可变电荷土壤，但从总的看来，H＋加入量的变化对可交换性酸量的影响不大。     

安康汉江二桥南侧膨胀土滑坡特征分析

膨胀土是具有较大胀缩变形能力的特殊性粘土，膨胀土斜坡地区极易发生滑坡等地质灾害，本文根据安康汉江二号桥南侧滑坡勘察资料，较全面地介绍了该膨胀土滑坡特征，为滑坡根治提供了充分的地质依据。     

Trace metals in acid sediments and waters, Pimpama catchment, southeast Queensland, Australia

The Pimpama River floodplain has developed over the last several thousand years as a result of sea-level fluctuations that shaped the lower catchment and enabled the formation of sedimentary pyrite. The subsequent production of sulfuric acid due to the oxidation of this pyrite enhances the breakdown of metal-bearing sediments and can lead to leaching of major and trace metals into the waters of the region. The seasonal pattern of rainfall and current land-use activities are important aspects that intensify the natural production of acid and influence the release and distribution of metals. To identify the source and migration of metals in the Pimpama catchment and to understand the impact of pyrite oxidation on the distribution of metals in sediments and waters, several components of the drainage system were analyzed: bedrock, sediments from river bed and bank, and water. The elements analyzed in this study (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb) are all present in the bedrock material which explains their occurrence in the unconsolidated sediments of the floodplain. These metals concentrate in the upper section of the sedimentary sequence and their presence is related to clay minerals such as smectite, organic matter and iron phases. However, Zn, Mo and Co occur in higher amounts than the local background and within standard shale. This comparison suggests that the diagenetic processes alone cannot explain the higher concentrations and it is concluded that these metals also have an anthropogenic source. The formation of sulfuric acid creates conditions for higher mobility of some metals, such as Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, but does not affect less mobile ones such as Mo and Pb. Over the longterm, the production of acid influences the breakdown of mineral phases and enhances the process of weathering. Over the short term, every rain event leaches acid from sediments and mobilizes metals resulting in a substantial reduction in the quality of river water. Received: 2 October 1998 · Accepted: 16 February 1999