深埋长隧洞前期勘查中工程地质调查与CSAMT异常分析

在南水北调西线一期工程玛柯河-贾曲段工程地质勘察过程中,充分利用地球物理资料,实现地质与地球物理的有机结合。依据区域地质条件、岩石电性特征和岩层的沉积环境,按电阻率的高低范围及变化特征将13 km长的CSAMT电阻率断面划分为4个不同部分进行解译,其中,断层破碎带的解释结果与野外岩石露头所反映的地质信息吻合较好。作为一项新物探技术,CSAMT法可为分析工程地质问题提供基础资料,具有较好的应用前景。     

Physical-hydraulic properties of tropical sandy-loam soil in response to rice-husk dust and cattle dung amendments and surface mulching

ABSTRACT

The effects of topsoil addition of rice-husk dust (RHD) and cattle dung (CD), alongside surface mulching with dry grasses/legume, on the infiltration characteristics and intrinsic structural properties of a deep, well-drained soil in southeastern Nigeria are assessed. Treatments are RHD-amended, CD-amended and “unamended”, each plot being either surface-mulched or left bare, with the unamended-bare plots as control. Amendments and mulch were applied at 20 t/ha equivalents. Their effects on the soil’s infiltration characteristics 7 months later were not evident; however, there was a tendency for differences: CD-amended ≥ RHD-amended ≥ unamended and surface-mulched ≥ bare-surface. By contrast, saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s ) differed thus: CD-mulched ≥ unamended-mulched > the rest. Similar values were recorded for K_s (50.89 cm/h) and final infiltration rate (50.74 cm/h) only under CD-amended plots, which also showed the highest values (43.50 cm/h) for transmissivity of the soil. Soil penetrometer resistance was lowest in CD-amended plots (113.44 kPa) and highest in unamended plots (166.78 kPa). Topsoil addition of cattle dung and surface mulching could increase infiltration, though marginally, and permeability of coarse-textured tropical soils beyond the season of their application when their effects on soil structure have almost waned.     

秦巴山区软岩地基桥桩承载性状试验研究

为了研究软岩地基桥桩的荷载传递性状、破坏机理,并获取在该地质条件下更为可靠的桩基计算参数,对秦巴山区软岩地基3根钻孔灌注试桩进行竖向静载试验。结果表明：秦巴山区软岩地基桥桩试桩荷载沉降曲线呈陡降型,实测竖向极限承载力为20 500kN,桩的破坏方式为桩身材料强度破坏;淤泥质亚黏土地层中的碎石起到一定的骨架作用,增强了此地层桩极限侧阻力,发挥极限侧阻力所需的桩土（岩）相对位移为4～8mm;强风化砾岩表现为加工软化型,发挥极限侧阻力所需的桩土（岩）相对位移为3～8mm;中风化砂砾岩表现为明显的加工硬化型,所需的桩岩相对位移大,且桩极限侧阻力的特征点不明显;淤泥质亚黏土地层桩侧阻力占总荷载的60%～70%,随着桩顶荷载的逐步加大,该地层桩侧阻力所占比例不断下降,而嵌岩段桩侧阻力所占比例逐渐上升,达到55%～65%,嵌岩段桩侧阻力沿桩深的分布曲线表现出非线性的特征;试桩为端承摩擦桩,桩端阻力约占桩顶荷载的20%左右,且未充分发挥,在上部结构允许的沉降范围内,适当增加桩端的沉降有利于端阻力的发挥;桩侧阻力先于端阻力发挥,建议单桩承载力设计时分别采用不同的端阻力和侧阻力安全系数。     

高阻溶洞上高密度电法与高密度联合剖面法异常响应特征研究

为探讨高密度电法与联合剖面法寻找高阻溶洞的效果,利用水槽模型试验及野外现场实测方法,总结了高密度电法常用排列方式、不同成图方法在高阻溶洞上的异常响应特征,讨论了异常体地表投影位置及中心埋深的确定方法。提出探测高阻溶洞采用高密度电法温纳排列（α1）、β排列和高密度联合剖面三种方法的最佳组合方法。     

黄河下游床面形态判别方法探讨

基于床面形态控制数理论,结合已有水槽试验研究成果,分析了床面形态控制数与不同床面形态的对应关系,提出了包括沙粒弗劳德数及相对水深(水深与泥沙中值粒径之比, 下同)的床面形态参数, 论述了简化床面形态控制数的计算方法及适用范围,研究了床面形态控制数与床面形态参数之间的相互关系及适用性;结合黄河下游床面形态运动特征,建立了床面形态判别方法。研究认为床面形态控制数能够反映高、低能态区的水流阻力特征;床面形态控制数与床面形态参数之间的关系,既适用于室内水槽试验也适用于天然河流;建立的黄河下游床面形态判别方法,得到了野外实测资料的初步检验,能够用于黄河下游不同能态区床面形态的判别。     

矿物中4He同位素提取和含量测定研究

(U-Th)/He定年是一种有效的低温热年代学定年技术,现已被广泛应用于地质研究的各个领域,而矿物中4He同位素的有效提取和含量准确测定是该技术的关键。磷灰石和锆石是(U-Th)/He定年最常用的矿物,其4He提取条件及铀钍含量测定方法都较为成熟;而其他矿物(如磁铁矿、橄榄石、针铁矿、石榴子石等)的研究则相对较少。文章介绍了当前国内外(U-Th)/He研究中采用的4He同位素提取方法———真空炉加热法和激光加热法,激光加热法因具有低4He背景值和耗时短的优点而成为主要的提取方法。以磷灰石样品测试为例,介绍了成都地质矿产研究所建立的采用激光加热法和四极杆质谱提取4He同位素及其含量测量过程、含量计算和校正方法。指出未来(U-Th)/He测试技术除继续改进现有分析方法外,应加强对更多不同矿物的测试研究。     

仿生孕镶金刚石钻头在漠河冻土区天然气水合物勘探钻进中的应用

仿生孕镶金刚石钻头具有高效、耐磨的特点,符合漠河天然气水合物勘探的要求及漠河钻探施工现场的条件。介绍了符合漠河地层特点的仿生孕镶金刚石钻头的设计与制造。同时对效果不理想的钻头的钻进情况进行了分析,提出了评价钻头性能时需要综合分析,从而客观、真实地反映钻头的实际钻进能力。漠河天然气水合物MK-2科学钻探试验井的钻进结果表明,仿生孕镶金刚石钻头的寿命比普通孕镶金刚石钻头长73%,钻速比普通孕镶金刚石钻头高22%。     

Post-installation pore-pressure changes around spudcan and long-term spudcan behaviour in soft clay

This paper presents a dual-stage Eulerian–Lagrangian analysis for modelling the entire process of spudcan installation in soft clay, followed by consolidation and working load operation. The analysis consists of three components, namely undrained effective stress Eulerian analysis of spudcan installation, mesh-to-mesh variable mapping and coupled-flow Lagrangian analysis for the post-installation spudcan working behaviour. The results show good agreement with centrifuge model data but also highlight the importance of replicating the hysteretic behaviour of the soil. The findings also show that while a wished-in-place approach was able to model the long-term bearing response of the spudcan, rotational stiffness was over-estimated. This is due to the fact that, while the wished-in-place analysis was able to model the hardening of the soil ahead of the spudcan, it was unable to model the softening of back-flowed soil behind spudcan. The latter influences the spudcan fixity significantly, but not bearing response. Although the analyses were conducted using ABAQUS, they can, in principle, be conducted using other codes.     

基于生态重要性评价与最小累积阻力模型的重庆市生态安全格局构建

生态安全格局构建是保障生态系统稳定运行,实现区域生态安全的重要途径。本文以重庆市为例,基于生态服务功能和生态敏感性对重庆市进行生态重要性评价,将生态极重要区域与自然保护地共同作为生态源地。首先从生态本底和生态胁迫两个角度选取高程、坡度、土地利用类型、距道路距离、距水体距离、夜间灯光指数6个阻力因子构建了典型山地动物的生态阻力面,然后利用最小累积阻力模型（MCR）模拟潜在生态廊道,完成市域生态安全格局的构建。研究表明,重庆市生态源地30 751.11 km²,占全市总面积的37.32%,主要分布在渝东北与渝东南的山林地。将识别的73条潜在生态廊道、138个生态节点与生态源地进行叠加,结合重庆的山水格局,构建了"两区、三带、四核、多廊、多点"的多层次生态安全格局,为重庆市生态保护和修复工作提供科学参考。