黑潮区海温对中国北方初霜冻日期的影响研究

利用站点观测和再分析资料研究了黑潮海温（SST）与中国北方初霜冻日期的关系。结果表明,前期夏季各月及初秋黑潮区SST异常变化和中国北方秋季初霜冻日期的关系十分显著。当黑潮区SST偏高（低）时,华北大部、黄淮北部、河套北部、内蒙古中部和东北部、环渤海区域初霜冻日期偏晚（早）。进一步分析显示,夏末和初秋黑潮区SST异常主要通过影响其上空初秋及秋季局地大气环流系统,对华北、黄淮北部等地区初霜冻造成影响。当黑潮区SST偏高（低）时,我国华北至日本以东区域上空500 hPa高度场偏高（低）,低层风场则出现东南（西北）风,从而导致东亚大槽偏弱（强）,来自北方的冷空气活动势力被削弱（增强）,从而导致上述区域初霜冻发生较常年偏晚（早）。     

Model test study of frost heaving pressures in tunnels excavated in fractured rock mass in cold regions

Based on the similarity theory, taking the horseshoe, city-gate and round linings as examples, the value and distribution regularities of normal frost heaving pressures （hereinafter as frost heaving pressures） in tunnels excavated in fractured rock mass in cold regions under different constraints and freezing depths were studied by a test model. It was found that the larger the frozen depth, the larger the frost heaving pressure, and the stronger the top constraint, the larger the frost heaving pressure. For the horseshoe lining and city-gate lining, the top constraint has a greater effect on the frost heaving pressures on the arch and the inverted arch. For the round lining, the influences of the top constraint on the frost heaving pressure in all linings are almost the same. The frost heaving pressure is maximum on the city-gate lining and minimal on the round lining. The largest frost heaving pressure all occur near the foot of the inverted arch for the three kinds of lining. Thus, the test data basically coincide with the observed in situ data.     

西北地区典型下垫面空气动力学阻抗估算方法改进及其验证

利用2010年古浪近地层野外观测试验取得的干旱区典型下垫面（荒滩、沙漠和农田）的观测资料,对常用的3种空气动力学阻抗算法——Verma—R算法、Liu算法、Thom算法进行了适用性检验,并通过分离Thom算法中的动量和热量粗糙度对其进行改进（下称Thom-2算法）。对比不同下垫面空气动力学阻抗估算结果发现：在沙漠和荒滩下垫面,动力因素较热力因素影响大,空气动力学阻抗与风速的指数关系较农田下垫面明显;与其他3种算法相比,考虑了热量粗糙度的Thom-2算法在各种典型下垫面上的估算结果与观测值相比偏差最小,且在较为均匀的荒滩和沙漠下垫面上估算的空气动力学阻抗精度较农田高;通过比较4种算法估算干旱区不同典型下垫面空气动力学阻抗结果,说明干旱区空气动力学阻抗的估算应考虑热力粗糙度的影响。     

农田蒸散量计算方法的比较研究

根据观测资料,采用波文比法、廓线梯度法和综合阻地等分别计算了农田植被层上的蒸散量,并对比分析了不同方法之间的相对误差和相关程度。结果表明,用波文比法计算的潜热通量存在系统性偏小的现象,而工法和综合阻抗法的计算结果比较一致。文中还讨论了不同方法的优缺点和产生误差的可能原因。     

青海近30年来霜对气温、降水变化的响应

用线性趋势和单相关法分析了青海高原33个气象站的霜物候期及气象资料,结果表明:青海高原1978～2007年初霜、终霜变化趋势存在明显推迟、提早的区域性特征.在年代际尺度上,初霜大部分地区明显推迟,终霜大部分地区明显提早,无霜期绝大部分地区明显延长.少部分地区终霜对气温负相关显著,对降水正相关显著.部分地区初霜对气温正相...     

露、霜自动化观测的研究

在地面气象观测业务中通常采用人工观测的方式来判断结露、结霜现象的发生,人工观测主观性强,观测频次少,工作效率低,不能全面、连续反映结露、结霜过程的特征。本文介绍了一种结露、结霜自动化观测装置,装置工作原理是电容传感器在高湿和低湿情况下电容变化较大,通过测量电容变化引起的频率变化,然后由识别软件来判断结露现象的发生,再结合温度信息以及结冰信息就可以判断结霜现象的发生,从而实现了结露、结霜的自动化观测。通过大量的结露、结霜的对比试验表明露、霜自动化观测装置能够比较准确地识别结露、结霜过程的发生,能够推广到台站业务使用。     

Spatial variation in soil resistance to flowing water erosion along a regional transect in the Loess Plateau

The factors influencing soil erosion may vary with scale. It remains unclear whether the spatial variation in soil erosion resistance is controlled by regional variables (e.g. precipitation, temperature, and vegetation zone) or by local specific variables (e.g. soil properties, root traits, land use, and farming operations) when the study area enlarges from a hillslope or catchment to the regional scale. This study was performed to quantify the spatial variations in soil erosion resistance to flowing water under three typical land uses along a regional transect on the Loess Plateau and to identify whether regional or local specific variables are responsible for these changes. The results indicated that the measured soil detachment capacities (D_c) of cropland exhibited an irregular trend along the regional transect. The D_c of grassland increased with mean annual precipitation, except for two sites (Yijun and Erdos). The measured D_c of woodland displayed an inverted ‘U’ shape. The changes in rill erodibility (K_r) of three land uses were similar to D_c, whereas no distinguishable trend was found for critical shear stress (τ_c). No significant correlation was detected between D_c, K_r and τ_c, and the regional variables. The spatial variation in soil erosion resistance could be explained reasonably by changes in soil properties, root traits, land use, and farming operations, rather than regional variables. The adjustment coefficient of K_r for grassland and woodland could be well simulated by soil cohesion and root mass density (R² = 0.70, P < 0.01), and the adjustment coefficient of critical shear stress could be estimated with aggregate stability (R² = 0.57, P < 0.01). The results are helpful for quantifying the spatial variation in soil detachment processes by overland flow and to develop process‐based erosion model at a regional scale. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

工程项目地震安全性评价中的社会学观点

本文依据工程地震学，抗震学，经济学和社会学的观点，定量地建立了一个新的抗震设防标准，带依据冈布尔极值Ⅲ型分布和我们指导出的财务式算法，建立了一套新的地震危险性分析方法，这个标准和这套方法都具有明确的可解释性的可操作性，根据上述标准和方法，给出了四川及邻近区域的地震烈度区划图，将该图和新近颁布的中国地震烈度区划图进行对比，发现两者大体相近，这也就带耿了如下三个推断：（1）作为新近的中国地震烈度区划图，是可以为它找到其工程地震学，抗震学，经济学以及社会学基础的，（2）同时也表明它可能已不再具有与50年趋越概率10％相对应的纯粹工程地震学涵义，（3）它成图前后在学术上的种种争鸣也许可以得统一的解释。顺便还利用1962年及1975年以前的地震目录，指出了唐山地震和新丰江地震的存在性。     

巨型框架-次框桁架结构抗震性能分析

提出了巨型框架—次框桁架结构体系。采用ANSYS有限元程序对巨型框架—次框桁架结构体系进行了抗震动力时程分析,讨论了该结构体系在多条地震波作用下的动力位移及内力等地震响应。计算结果表明,巨型框架—次框桁架结构体系具有良好的抗震性能,能够提高巨型框架结构的抗震性能,不但可以有效地降低结构构件的地震内力,同时也不会给主框架结构体系的布置带来较大的影响,巨型框架—次框桁架结构是一种抗震性能良好的结构体系。计算结果对巨型结构的抗震设计有较大的参考价值。