陕北油田二开井段提下钻遇阻原因分析与对策

陕北油石二开井段遇阻的原因为泥岩的水化膨胀和孔隙性砂岩的泥饼沉积。对策主要有物理方法（如短程起下钻、加大排量等） 、化学方法（加入强抑制剂ＦＡ３６７、加入ＧＰＳ,提高泥饼质量） 等。     

沙地冷蒿种群的耐牧机理研究初报

通过调查冷蒿的生物学特性,并以4种不同处理实验研究了耐牧性。处理方法分别为第1组模拟轻牧,剪去植株高度的一半(T₁);第2组模拟重牧,把植株地上部分全部剪掉(T₂);第3组埋土3~5cm(T₃),以模拟沙质草场疏松的地表易被牲畜践踏活化而掩埋植物;第4组做对照(T₄)。试验结果证明,春季对地上部分剪除不影响以后的营养生长和生殖枝的形成发育,但是7月以后做剪除处理则对其营养生长不利,对生殖枝的形成影响更大。生长季多次剪枝可获得更大生物量,不同处理组平均每株的地上部分收获生物量(干重)分别是25.2g(T₁),27.4g(T₂),24.7g(T₃)和22.0g(T₄)。冷蒿枝条密集,在无干扰条件下,平均每株有枝条近百枝。植株地上部被剪除后,不定芽萌发力强,1cm的残枝上可以萌芽2~4个。枝条的基部极易生不定根形成新植株。有性繁殖与无性繁殖并存保证了种群更新。     

临淄地区包气带及地下水中酚、氰化物的污染迁移机理

依据环境水文地质条件、污染源的状况和酚、氰化物对地下水长期污染状况,综合临淄地区现场资料对酚、氰化物的污染特性及迁移机理作初步研究。研究表明,淄河沿岸区和冲沟内砂砾石分布区是酚、氰化物进入地下水的主要通道,大气降水是促进酚、氰化物解吸迁移的主要因素。虽然目前研究区域内已无含酚、氰化物的污水直接排放,但吸附于较厚细颗粒包气带土层中的酚、氰化物还将在较长时间内存在并缓慢进入地下水中,其含量将会随时间的推移而呈减少趋势。     

粘性泥石流阻力和运动方程验证分析

现有的粘性泥石流阻力方程可以大致归纳为三类：一类是将泥石流视为固液两相流,通过理论分析建立的泥石流阻力运动方程;二类是认为粘性泥石流符合宾汉姆流体阻力方程;三类是依据泥石流体具有基本符合库伦公式的剪切强度,将泥石流视为固体颗粒散体重力流,在理论分析基础上建立的阻力和运动方程。用粘性泥石流动力学实验数据对三类阻力运动方程进行了验证,结果表明第三类阻力和运动方程与实际接近。     

成都府河水体细菌动态变化及耐药性

将府河从都江堰宝瓶口段至望江公园段分设9个监测点,在秋冬、春夏两季分别取水,首次建立由细菌总数、总大肠菌群数及粪大肠菌群数三个微生物学指标组成的体系,对府河两季水质进行对比监测分析,以综合评价水质、分析季节影响因素并反映出污染物来源.以都江堰宝瓶口大肠杆菌耐药率作为背景值,对整个河段的9个采样点分离纯化鉴定得到102株大肠杆菌,用K-B法进行对比药敏试验.结果表明,府河从都江堰段起,穿过成都市区后,至望江公园段细菌总数、大肠菌群数及粪大肠菌群数虽有波动,但细菌总数总体呈增加趋势,春夏季府河营养富集,水质有所降低.府河中大肠杆菌耐药性较小,β-内酰胺类耐药率在0.96％～33.33％之间,氨基糖苷类1.39％～7.84％,氟喹诺酮类11.43％～11.76％,磺胺类复方新诺明为52.78％,其中β-内酰胺类耐药性、氟喹诺酮类耐药性与源头水质有关,其余与医疗机构排放的废水及生活污水有关,此研究为控制成都府河水体中的污染防控提供了理论依据.     

混合土层吸力筒沉贯阻力算法研究及应用

为补充DNVGL-RP-C212规范关于混合土层内吸力筒沉贯阻力计算参数的不确定描述,基于长乐外海风电场多个吸力筒基础的沉贯负压监测成果,对黏土—砂混合土层内吸力筒沉贯阻力算法进行研究。提出了基于黏粒含量确定侧阻力修正系数kf的算法,引入桩基工程中基于静力触探试验（CPT）的fs计算桩侧剪切强度的经验算法,并对其进行修正,用于计算吸力筒的沉贯侧阻力。对两种算法的准确性进行了验证,对其可靠性进行比较,提出了以前者计算结果为准,后者计算结果作为校核依据的建议。     

极地吊舱推进船舶回转性能的离散元分析

吊舱推进装置在极地船舶中被广泛应用,其转舵模块可以带动螺旋桨摆动从而产生任意方向的推进力,使船舶操纵更为灵活。提出了一种吊舱推进船舶冰区操纵的离散元方法,对具有吊舱推进装置的冰区船舶破冰过程进行了数值模拟。以“雪龙2”号破冰船为研究对象,计算分析了船舶定速直航时的冰阻力,并通过与Lindqvist经验公式的对比验证了冰阻力计算的合理性。在此基础上进一步对船舶在不同冰厚、不同吊舱转向角下的回转破冰运动进行了离散元模拟,分析了回转半径与船长比值随冰厚的变化规律。计算结果表明：船舶的回转性能随冰厚的增大而降低,并随吊舱转向角的增大而显著提高。     

Hydraulics of interrill overland flow on rough,bare soil surfaces

A set of laboratory experiments on bare, rough soil surfaces was carried out to study the relationship between soil surface roughness and its hydraulic resistance. Existing models relating roughness coefficients to a measure of surface roughness did not predict the hydraulic resistance well for these surfaces. Therefore, a new model is developed to predict the hydraulic resistance of the surface, based on detailed surface roughness data. Roughness profiles perpendicular to the flow are used to calculate the wet cross‐sectional area and hydraulic radius given a certain water level. The algorithm of Savat is then applied to calculate the hydraulic resistance. The value for the equivalent roughness, which is used in the algorithm of Savat, could be predicted from the roughness profiles. Here, the tortuosity of the submerged part of the surface was used, which means that the calculated roughness depends on flow depth. The roughness increased with discharge, due to the fact that rougher parts of the surface became submerged at higher discharges. Therefore, a single measure of surface roughness (e.g. random roughness) is not sufficient to predict the hydraulic resistance. The proposed model allows the extension of the flow over the surface with increasing discharge to be taken into account, as well as the roughness within the submerged part of the surface. Therefore, the model is able to predict flow velocities reasonably well from discharge and roughness data only. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Starvation effects on pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus in natural seawater

To get a better understanding of the starvation survival strategy of pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus, log-phase cells were inoculated into sterile natural seawater for starvation studies. The results showed that all of total bacteria number, viable bacteria number and CFU number of V. alginolyticus increased remarkably at the initial starvation stage; after reaching their peaks at 5 d, both total bacteria number and viable bacteria number of V. alginolyticus fell slowly, while the CFU number fell more quickly after reaching its peak at 10 d; V. alginolyticus elongated their cells at the prophase of starvation, and then shrunk their volume and turned their shapes into ovals from rods at the anaphase of starvation; starved cells showed more sensitivity to heating and UV; starved cells showed no significant difference from unstarved ones at the lowest detection limit determined by indirect enzyme-linked immu- nosorbent assay （ELISA） ; starved cells＇ ability to adhere to the skin mucus of large yellow croaker （ Pseudosciaena crocea） showed a sharp decline as the starvation time increases; the cellular protein of V. alginolyticus increased remarkably at the ariaphase of starvation. The results indicated that pathogenic V. alginolyticus could survive in starvation for relatively long periods of time （ ≥2 months） in 28℃ natural seawater due to the morphological and physiological changes; however, starved V. alginolyticus cells showed less virulence and higher sensitivity under environmental stresses.     

Resistance of the diffusive boundary layer to salt release from saline sediments to freshwater

The diffusive boundary layer （DBL） is the zone for matter exchange between surface water and aquatic sediments. To elucidate the influence of DBL on salt release from saline sediments to freshwater, two experiments with or without wind blowing were conducted. According to the experiments, a 3.5 cm DBL is formed above the smoothed sediments at a steady wind field and this thickness is greater than other studies. The observed flux of salt through the DBL is 6% larger than the calculated value from Fick＇ s first law. The results indicate that molecular diffusion is the dominant mechanism for salt transport through the DBL. The presence of DBL suppresses the hydrodynamic enhancement for matter exchange between sediments and overlying water. Therefore, salts in the sediments of a polder reservoir may influence the water quality chronically.