SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT IN HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS

Withdrawal of water from a river into a canal involves the construction of a barrage or a dam across the river depending on whether the river is perennial or not. The design of the reservoir upstream of the dam and of the canal requires consideration of the sediment load carried by the river in case the river is sediment-laden. The basic equations concerning morphological changes in such rivers are discussed with particular reference to computation of reservoir sedimentation. The hydraulics of lined canals carrying wash load is examined from the point of view of limiting transport capacity and changes in frictional resistance. Lastly, the methods of design of sediment extraction devices like settling basins and vortex chambers are presented.     

某地铁区间隧道冻结施工冻胀效应随机预测分析

土层冻结引发冻胀,引起地面上升和变形,过量的不均匀沉降或变形可能危及周围地面建筑.南京地铁某区间隧道穿过地层为软一流塑状淤泥质粉质粘土,拟采用人工冻结法作为辅助施工方法穿越该不良地段.为对地面建筑物进行变形控制,需要对冻结法施工冻胀效应进行预测.采用随机介质理论对该工程冻结施工的冻胀效应进行预测,介绍了冻胀效应分析的基本过程,编制了计算分析程序,分析了水平冻胀引起的地面隆起、曲率变形规律.结果表明:水平冻胀引起的地面变形均满足地面变形控制要求.     

Load–settlement behavior of rock-socketed drilled shafts using Osterberg-Cell tests

Osterberg-Cell (O-Cell) tests are widely used to predict the load–settlement behavior of large-diameter drilled shafts socketed in rock. The loading direction of O-Cell tests for shaft resistance is opposite to that of conventional downward load tests, meaning that the equivalent top load–settlement curve determined by the summation of the mobilized shaft resistance and end bearing at the same deflection neglects the pile-toe settlement caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft. The emphasis is on quantifying the effect of coupled shaft resistance, which is closely related to the ratios of pile diameter to soil modulus (D/E_s) and total shaft resistance to total applied load (R_s/Q) in rock-socketed drilled shafts, using the coupled load-transfer method. The proposed analytical method, which takes into account the effect of coupled shaft resistance, was developed using a modified Mindlin’s point load solution. Through comparisons with field case studies, it was found that the proposed method reasonably estimated the load-transfer behavior of piles and coupling effects due to the transfer of shaft shear loading. These results represent a significant improvement in the prediction of load–settlement behaviors of drilled shafts subjected to bi-directional loading from the O-Cell test.     

Nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesionless soil

In this paper, a method is developed for nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesionless soil. The method assumes that both the ultimate soil resistance and the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction increase linearly with depth. By considering the force and moment equilibrium, the system equations are derived for a rigid pile under a lateral eccentric load. An iteration scheme containing three main steps is then proposed to solve the system equations to obtain the response of the pile. To determine the ultimate soil resistance and the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction required in the analysis, related expressions are selected by reviewing and assessing the existing methods. The degradation of the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction with pile displacement at ground surface is also considered. The developed method is validated by comparing its results with those of centrifugal tests and three-dimensional finite element analysis. Applications of the developed method to laboratory model and field test piles also show good agreement between the predictions and the experimental results.     

弱胶结西域砾岩引水隧洞围岩抗力特性试验研究

弱胶结西域砾岩物质成分复杂、胶结较差,其力学性质十分不稳定,为科学反映弱胶结西域砾岩地层高压引水隧洞围岩的抗力特性,采用径向液压枕现场试验方法与基于传统承压板变形试验结果的完全弹性模型以及考虑开挖卸荷影响的弹塑性模型的理论估算方法,对弱胶结西域砾岩引水隧洞围岩的抗力特性进行综合研究。分析结果表明:(1)径向液压枕现场试验方法获得弱胶结西域砾岩围岩抗力系数为6.02~26.03MPa/cm;(2)根据承压板法等常规变形试验结果,采用完全弹性模型估算弱胶结西域砾岩围岩单位抗力系数为7.46~13.54MPa/cm,采用考虑开挖卸荷影响的弹塑性模型其估算结果为5.00~13.54MPa/cm;(3)受西域砾岩的颗粒组成特征及现场变形试验承压面积限制,根据承压板法获得的岩体变形模量,采用理论估算方法获得的围岩抗力系数较径向液压枕法试验结果偏低;(4)径向液压枕法现场试验结果反映了地应力环境、围岩材料特性、开挖卸荷影响等多因素影响下的围岩抗力特性,可为西域砾岩引水隧洞开挖及围岩衬砌提供直接可靠的围岩综合抗力系数。     

水平荷载下桩身侧阻抗力矩的作用机制与计算模型研究

为探讨摩阻力增强效应影响下的水平受荷桩承载机制,建立了水平荷载作用下考虑增强效应影响的桩侧摩阻力τ-s曲线模型,并在此基础上推导了桩身单位长度侧阻抗力矩数值解。随后开展了桩径、临界位移、极限侧摩阻力等因素影响下Ms,ini/Msu,ini-θ/θref,ini无量纲化曲线规律分析。结合摩阻力增强效应理论进而分别建立了线弹性-塑性、双曲线、API规范砂土与黏土τ-s曲线模型作用下的桩身侧阻抗力矩简化理论解,并基于传递矩阵法原理,解得了考虑桩侧摩阻力作用时基桩水平承载力半解析解。通过多组验证工况和工程实例分析验证了所建立的侧阻抗力矩简化解以及考虑侧阻抗力矩影响的基桩水平承载力方法的正确性,同时也证明了摩阻力增强效应对基桩水平承载力的影响不能忽略,并得出如下结论:无试验数据参考时,砂土、黏土与桩接触面的刚度指数可分别取0.725和0.600;桩身侧阻抗力矩随着桩径、极限摩阻力的增加以及临界位移的减小而增加,其中桩径对侧阻抗力矩影响更为明显。     

雀儿山隧道冰碛地层冻胀力原位测试及计算分析

以国道317线雀儿山隧道为工程依托,进行了隧道洞口冰碛地层的冻胀力原位测试,同时结合数值模拟、理论模型计算等方法,得到了冻融圈厚度、冻胀压力以及冻结前后衬砌结构内外测的应力。在此基础上,计算得到了衬砌结构的轴力、弯矩分布和变化规律,并与已有研究结果进行了比较分析。研究结果表明：寒区隧道洞口段冰碛地层作为高原常见季冻土受低温影响显著,低温持续22 h时冻融圈厚度达2 m左右;采用隧道冻胀力计算模型计算得到的冻胀压力在19.8～158.3 kPa之间,原位测试的冻胀压力在40～240 kPa之间,其中拱脚处最小,仰拱处最大;冰碛地层冻结前后的衬砌结构内侧、外侧应力各自具有复杂的变化和分布规律,冻结状态下衬砌结构轴力呈“扇”形分布,弯矩呈“蝶”形分布。与相关研究成果比较分析表明,现场采用的原位测试方法合理,结果更准确。     

基于矢量和的滑面应力抗滑稳定分析方法

矢量和抗滑稳定分析方法根据真实应力状态定义求解安全系数,物理意义明确,一批学者对其进行了研究。但是当合法向力矢量投影与合剪力矢量投影的符号相反且其绝对值大于合剪力矢量投影时,矢量和法计算出的安全系数可能为负值;另外,目前潜在滑移面上每点极限抗滑剪应力矢量的方向是根据潘家铮最大、最小原理确定的,将其定义为潜在滑移体滑动趋势方向在该点切平面上投影方向的反方向,但是潘家铮最大、最小原理描述的是滑移体力学系统抗滑能力最大,按照矢量和法的定义式,抗滑能力包括抗剪力和法向抗力两部分。基于矢量和思想与以上关于矢量和法的思考,提出一种滑面应力抗滑稳定分析方法,将潜在滑移面视为薄滑移带,以薄滑移带作为对象进行微元受力分析,每个微元的极限抗滑剪应力矢量方向取为该微元剪应力矢量的反向,所有微元的极限抗滑剪力矢量和的反向定义为潜在滑移体滑动趋势方向,最终将极限合抗滑剪力矢量在滑动趋势反方向的投影与合滑动剪力矢量在滑动趋势方向的投影的比值定义为安全系数。较极限平衡法,方法自动满足静力平衡、力矩平衡和变形协调条件,无需受力模式假设;较强度折减法,新方法基于真实应力,物理意义更加明确,安全系数以显式表达,无需迭代;通过经典二维静态边坡考题,验证此方法的可行性;将新方法应用到三维工程实例中,分析潜在滑移体在边坡开挖过程中安全系数的动态演化规律,证明方法的实用性。     

礁灰岩嵌岩桩的模型试验

援建马尔代夫的马累－机场岛跨海大桥项目作为我国“一带一路”的经济建设规划之一,桥梁桩基坐落于与我国南海珊瑚礁岩土体结构极为相似的珊瑚礁中。由于国内外开展珊瑚礁嵌岩桩的设计经验不足,故需要通过试验方法获取珊瑚礁嵌岩桩的承载特性和相关数据。对取自马累岛和机场岛桥基位置的礁灰岩岩芯开展室内桩基承载特性试验研究。测得礁灰岩的密度、相对密度、饱和单轴抗压强度、三轴剪切强度等基本物理力学指标,结合礁灰岩中嵌岩桩模型试验结果,获得模型桩承载力随桩端位移的变化规律。试验结果表明：桩岩界面先后经历弹性剪切、剪应力跌落和摩擦剪切3个阶段。在弹性剪切阶段,界面剪切变形以弹性变形为主,极限弹性位移 呈现出随弹性模量E增大而递减的趋势。在剪应力跌落阶段,应力软化急剧,并很快过渡到界面的摩擦剪切。通过试验发现,在低围压下,礁灰岩的残余侧摩阻力与饱和单轴抗压强度呈正相关关系。随着围压增大,残余侧摩阻力受围压影响较大。     

砂土中筒型基础沉放过程渗流特性和沉贯阻力研究

筒型基础的沉放是一项关键施工过程,沉放时土体在施工负压下产生渗流场,而渗流对基础筒壁的侧摩阻力和端阻力产生影响,导致沉贯阻力难以预测。针对这一问题,首先应用试验和数值模拟的方法,对筒型基础沉贯过程中的渗流特性进行分析,揭示筒壁两侧及筒端土体超孔隙水压力的分布;然后将分析结果应用于沉贯阻力的推导中,并对推导的公式进行验证。研究表明：筒型基础沉贯过程中,筒壁两侧土体的超孔隙水压力沿筒壁深度几乎呈线性变化,在接近筒端时出现非线性变化;不同的沉贯深度下,渗流对沉贯阻力的影响不同,随着沉贯深度的增加,减小的阻力占总沉贯阻力的比值越来越大;通过推导的理论公式计算的试验模型和实际工程的沉贯负压理论计算值与实测值吻合较好。