粉砂土反复冻胀融沉特性试验研究

针对深季节冻土区的特殊环境,通过室内试验研究了粉砂土在不同初始含水率、干密度、荷载、冻融次数条件下的反复冻胀、融沉特性。研究结果表明：粉砂土的冻结温度为-1.03 °C;其冻胀融沉变形随冻融次数的增加呈现波浪式起伏变化,并最终趋于稳定状态;经历多次冻融后,干密度较大试样整体表现为膨胀,干密度较小试样整体表现为压密;上部荷载在抑制冻胀的同时加大了试样的整体融沉变形,却降低了每次冻融的冻胀率和融沉系数;存在一个最优初始含水率,该含水率条件下,试样经历多次冻融后的高度不发生变化;由于外界水源的补给,冻融后试样内部含水率均大于初始含水率;干密度和顶端荷载的增大均有效地抑制了外界水源的补给;4次冻融循环后,粉砂土的冻胀率、融沉系数均逐渐趋于稳定。     

HPAM和疏水缔合聚合物溶液在孤东七区油藏中适应性评价

为了解决孤东七区油藏聚合物溶液流变性与注入性的矛盾,筛选适宜非均质强、储层结构疏松等油藏条件的聚合物,在不同长度岩心中开展聚合物溶液渗流实验.在同一岩心上分段测压,建立聚合物溶液注入性评价方法,对HPAM和疏水缔合聚合物的注入性进行评价;在不同长度岩心出口端取采出液,研究该聚合物溶液在近井和油藏深部阻力因数、残余阻力因数以及黏度分布特性.结果表明:注入HJ的压力梯度上升率为16.37MPa.m-1.PV-1,压力梯度稳定值为5.68MPa.m-1,压力梯度上升率和压力梯度稳定值小于相同质量浓度的DH5和B4的值;从提高波及效率的能力和聚合物溶液的流变性来看,疏水缔合聚合物DH5在油藏深部的阻力因数、残余阻力因数和黏度保留率分别为283.86、39.4和0.713,阻力因数、残余阻力因数远大于相同质量浓度的B4和HJ的值;综合注入性和流变性分布评价可知,1.8g.L-1的HJ好于相同质量浓度的DH5和B4的.     

极端冰雪条件下的顺层岩质边坡滑移稳定性分析

推导了典型岩石边坡在极端冰雪条件下的滑移稳定系数的表达式;通过计算分析,揭示了岩石边坡滑移稳定系数随裂隙内水深、坡高、坡角、滑面倾角等因素变化的规律及与冻深的关系,并绘制岩石边坡滑移稳定系数与边坡几何要素之间的关系图。研究表明,当考虑极端冰雪灾害影响时,岩石边坡滑移稳定系数发生较为明显的变化：随裂隙饱水程度、坡面角、主滑面倾角的增加而降低,随主滑面抗剪强度的减小而降低;裂隙饱水程度越高、坡体高度越低、坡面角越小、主滑面倾角越大的边坡的滑移稳定系数,对裂隙冰冻胀力的反应越敏感。     

北京极端气温变化特征及其对城市化的响应

应用1960~2009年逐日气象记录,在对观测资料进行均一化处理的基础上,分析北京地区极端气温的时间变化特征及其对城市化的响应过程。结果表明,过去50 a北京极端最高、最低气温分别以0.23℃/10 a以及1.02℃/10 a的线性倾向率显著增加,在1988年前后存在明显的增暖性突变。1997~2009年间北京高温日数最多,霜冻日数最少。1980年起,北京市区极端最高气温及其增温率明显高于近郊和远郊,高温日数维持市区多于近郊,近郊多于远郊的格局。近、远郊极端最低气温温差高于城、近郊温差。     

Theoretical studies on penetration resistance of suction caissons in clay

ABSTRACT

The suction caisson is commonly a top-closed cylindrical steel structure with large diameter, short length and much thinner skirt wall thickness. The resistance to penetrating is calculated as the sum of the tip bearing capacity and the adhesion on the both sides of the skirt wall. Since the thickness of the skirt wall is very small, the downward adhesion produced by the skirt wall will cause the additional vertical stress and shear stress in the soil at the skirt tip level, increasing the skirt tip resistance. However, the increase in skirt tip resistance caused by the additional vertical stress rather than shear stress in soil at the skirt tip level was only considered, this may lead to an inaccurate estimation for the tip bearing capacity and the suction required. Thus, a modified slip-line field is put forward in this study to estimate the tip resistance. The expression of obtaining the minimum suction to install the suction caisson in clay is derived in terms of the force equilibrium. Results from calculations of the minimum suction have been proved to be in a good agreement with the measured data.     

明渠交汇水流阻力对平面二维数值模拟的影响

与顺直明渠水流相比,明渠交汇水流由于存在分离区和自由剪切面,其紊动特性引起的阻力较为复杂,交汇水流除床面阻力外还受到较强的阻力。基于数值模拟与实验比较分析表明,分离流与自由剪切流所产生的阻力(紊动粘性阻力)对于交汇水流数值模拟具有重要影响。同时,由于平面二维模型对二次流影响的忽略,断面环流较强时数值模拟会产生较大的阻力(环流阻力),而断面环流较弱时,交汇水流的三维特性相对较弱,采用平面二维模型和k-ε紊流模型能达到较好的模拟效果。因此,紊动及环流阻力的计算对交汇水流数值模拟的精度至关重要。     

THE EFFECT OF SYNOPTIC SCALE WEATHER SYSTEMS ON SUB‐SURFACE SOIL TEMPERATURES IN A DIURNAL FROST ENVIRONMENT: PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS FROM SUB‐ANTARCTIC MARION ISLAND

Marion Island in the South Indian Ocean has a maritime climate dominated by diurnal frost processes in the landscape. We test the hypothesis that synoptic time‐scale measurements are essential in understanding the drivers of diurnal frost processes. Preliminary results from automated microclimate measurements in a polar desert habitat show that diurnal soil surface temperatures on Marion Island are influenced by a complex interaction of radiation balance, air mass circulation, cloud cover and snow. The passage of synoptic scale weather systems influences soil thermal characteristics through changes in dominance of the radiation budget. Soil frost on Marion appears to be dependent on clear skies, while synoptic weather systems affect the duration and intensity of soil frost processes and non‐radiative heat fluxes. Air circulation patterns at Marion Island influence diurnal scale temperature fluctuations and its direct and indirect interactions with ecosystem processes. The data suggest that in a maritime sub‐Antarctic environment the climatic drivers of soil frost occur at a finertemporal resolution than for seasonal and permafrost environments and needs to be measured at a diurnal time‐scale to be meaningful.     

Reef corals bleach to resist stress

A rationale is presented here for a primary role of bleaching in regulation of the coral-zooxanthellae symbiosis under conditions of stress. Corals and zooxanthellae have fundamentally different metabolic rates, requiring active homeostasis to limit zooxanthellae production and manage translocated products to maintain the symbiosis. The control processes for homeostasis are compromised by environmental stress, resulting in metabolic imbalance between the symbionts. For the coral-zooxanthella symbiosis the most direct way to minimize metabolic imbalance under stress is to reduce photosynthetic production by zooxanthellae. Two mechanisms have been demonstrated that do this: reduction of the chlorophyll concentration in individual zooxanthellae and reduction of the relative biomass of zooxanthellae. Both mechanisms result in visual whitening of the coral, termed bleaching. Arguments are presented here that bleaching provides the final control to minimize physiological damage from stress as an adversity response to metabolic imbalance. As such, bleaching meets the requirements of a stress response syndrome/general adaptive mechanism that is sensitive to internal states rather than external parameters. Variation in bleaching responses among holobionts reflects genotypic and phenotypic differentiation, allowing evolutionary change by natural selection. Thus, reef corals bleach to resist stress, and thereby have some capacity to adapt to and survive change. The extreme thermal anomalies causing mass coral bleaching worldwide lie outside the reaction norms for most coral-zooxanthellae holobionts, revealing the limitations of bleaching as a control mechanism.     

基于抽样调查的安徽农村民居震害预测与减灾对策周安

在安徽省的皖北、皖中和皖南地区,分别抽样4个乡镇总计781户农村民居,进行抗震性能调查,得出安徽省农村住宅在建筑年代、结构形式、建筑材料、地基基础及构造连接等方面的统计数据．在此基础上,运用建筑物地震易损性的概率分析法,对所调查的民居进行震害预测．分析表明,安徽农村民居在基本设防烈度地震作用下,尚不会发生毁灭性破坏,但中等破坏将较大面积发生．提出了农村民居防震减灾的政府管理和技术措施等对策．经济分析认为,增加约3％——4％建房投资,即可基本实现国务院的防震减灾目标．      

谈地电场地埋电缆出现漏电现象快速检测的方法

文章简要介绍了如何利用接地电阻测试仪来快速检测地电场地埋电缆漏电的原理和方法,对地震台站地电观测排除故障,提高观测质量具有一定的可行性和实用性。