BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Hillslope Processes. Binghamton Symposia in Geomorphology International Series: 16. Athol D. Abrahams , ed. The Atlas of Central America and the Caribbean. The Diagram Group . The Cultural Atlas of Islam. Isma'il R. al Faruqi and Lois Lamaya'al Faruqi . Atlas of Israel Contemporary Africa: Development, Culture and the State. Morag Bell . Fundamentals of Physical Geography. David Briggs and Peter Smithson . The Bicentennial Census: New Directions for Methodology in 1990. Constance F. Citro and Michael L. Cohen , eds . World Patterns of Modern Urban Change: Essays in Honor of Chauncy D. Harris. Michael P. Conzen , ed . New Directions for Agriculture and Agricultural Research: Neglected Dimensions and Emerging Alternatives. Kenneth A. Dahlberg , ed . Water Resources Atlas of Florida. E.A. Fernald and D.J. Patton , eds . Landscape Ecology. R.T.T. Forman and M. Godron . The Myth of the North American City: Continentalism Challenged. Michael Goldberg and John Mercer . The Permafrost Environment. Stuart A. Harris . Climate and Circulation of the Tropics. Stefan Hastenrath . The Island of South Georgia. Robert Headland . The Making of Urban Europe, 1000-1950. Paul M. Hohenberg and Lynn Hollen Lees . Bombay in Transition: The Growth and Social Ecology of a Colonial City, 1889–1980. Meera Kosambi . Plant Closings; Public or Private Choices? Richard B. McKenzie , ed . Malaysia: Tradition, Modernity and Islam. R.S. Milne and Diane K. Mauzy . Technology on the Frontier: Mining in Old Ontario. Dianne Newell . The Maritime Political Boundaries of the World. J.R.V. Prescott . Tall Office Buildings in the United States. James W. Pygman and Richard Kateley (Real Estate Research Corporation). Technology, Regions, and Policy. John Rees , ed . The United States and the Regional Organization of Asia and the Pacific: 1965-1985. W.W. Rostow . Renewable Energy: Progress, Prospects. Stephen W. Sawyer Wisconsin Foundations. Gwen Schultz . Dwelling, Place and Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World. David Seamon and Robert Mugerauer , eds . Power and Place: Canadian Urban Development in the North American Context. Gilbert A. Stelter and Alan F.J. Artibise , eds . Small Firms in Regional Economic Development: Britain, Ireland and the United States. D. J. Storey , ed . Mathematical Methods in Human Geography and Planning. A. G. Wilson and R. J. Bennett . El Niño North: Niño Effects on the Eastern Subarctic Pacific Ocean. W. S. Wooster and D. L. Fluharty , eds . The Soviet Iron and Steel Industry. Craig ZumBrunnen and Jeffrey Osleeb .     

Soil frost effects on soil water and runoff dynamics along a boreal transect: 2. Simulations

A physically based SVAT‐model was tested with soil and snow physical measurements, as well as runoff data from an 8600 m² catchment in northern Sweden in order to quantify the influence of soil frost on spring snowmelt runoff in a moderately sloped, boreal forest. The model was run as an array of connected profiles cascading to the brook. For three winter seasons (1995–98) it was able to predict the onset and total accumulation of the runoff with satisfactory accuracy. Surface runoff was identified as only a minor fraction of the total runoff occurring during short periods in connection with ice blocking of the water‐conducting pores. Little surface runoff, though, does not mean that soil frost is unimportant for spring runoff. Simulations without frost routines systematically underestimated the total accumulated runoff. The possibility of major frost effects appearing in response to specific combinations of weather conditions were also tested. Different scenarios of critical initial conditions for the winter, e.g. high water saturation and delayed snow accumulation leading to an increased frost penetration, were tested. These showed that under special circumstances there is potential for increased spring runoff due to soil frost. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Overview of the seismic input at dam sites in China

The current Chinese national standard, the Standard for Seismic Design of Hydraulic Structures (GB51247), released in 2018, is strictly based on China’s national conditions and dam engineering features. A comprehensive and systematic overview of the basis of the seismic fortification requirements, the framework of the fortification criteria, and the mechanisms of seismic input related to the seismic design of dams are presented herein. We first analyzed and clarified several conceptual aspects in traditional seismic design of dams. Then, for the seismic input at the dam site described in the first national standard for hydraulic structures, we expounded innovative concepts, ideas, and methods to make relevant provisions more realistic and practical and discussed whether reservoir earthquakes must be included in the seismic fortification framework of dams. This study seeks to incorporate seismic input at the dam site into traditional seismic design practice to promote its improvement from the quasi-static method to the dynamic method and from the closed vibration system to an open wave propagation system, to ensure that the seismic design of dams becomes more reasonable, reliable, scientific, and economic.     

浅析过钻头测井面临的挑战及应对策略

本文研究了时下热门的过钻头测井技术。过钻头测井技术是21世纪以来新兴的测井方式,不同于以往的电缆测井和随钻测井。过钻头测井主要是在水平井、大斜度井段实施测量,自该技术开发以来,解决了多种技术难题。同时,过钻头测井技术也暴露出各种问题,主要就体现在(1)抗温抗压性能;(2)垂向分辨率和测量精度;(3)测量项目。本文着重介绍了这三个方面的认识与看法,提出了一些解决方案,并简要叙述了过钻头测井技术的发展方向。     

基于弹性地基梁理论的冻胀作用下管道应力分析

穿越冻土区的埋地管线在遭遇冻土差异性冻胀时,管道会发生翘曲变形,管线将面临很大的安全隐患。为此,基于弹性地基梁理论建立冻胀条件下的管-土相互作用模型,分析了管道在冻胀及其影响因素作用下的应力分布规律,探讨了冻土地基特性（弹性模量、泊松比及地基系数）与温度的关系,对比了不同地基系数、冻胀量、管径、壁厚、温差以及上覆土厚度等特定条件下的管道应力峰值状况。计算结果表明：管道在过渡段与冻胀段及非冻胀段交界处有最大应力值,各类影响因素对管道交界处的应力影响最显著;地基系数的值越大,差异性冻胀量越大,管径越大,温差越大,管道交界处应力峰值也越大;管壁越厚,在管道交界处的应力峰值越小;管道上覆土层越厚,管道受冻胀作用弯曲应力越小,即加深上覆土层可降低管道由于冻胀抬升所产生的应力,可减缓管道变形。     

Investigation of monitoring system for high-speed railway subgrade frost heave

This paper presents methods for monitoring frost heave, device requirements, testing principals, and data analysis requirements, such as manual leveling observation, automatic monitoring (frost heave, frost depth, and moisture), track dynamic detection, and track status detection. We focused on the requirements of subgrade frost heave monitoring for high speed railways, and the relationship of different monitoring methods during different phases of the railway. The comprehensive monitoring system of high speed railway subgrade frost heave provided the technical support for dynamic design during construction and safe operation of the rail system.     

Numerical analysis of applying special pavements to solve the frost heave diseases of high-speed railway roadbedsin seasonally frozen ground regions

The Haerbin-Dalian Passenger Dedicated Line is the first high-speed railway constructed in the seasonally frozen ground regions of northeastern China. Frost heave diseases occurred in the first winter of its operation(between October 2012 and January 2013), and frost heave was observed mainly in the roadbed fills that were considered not susceptible to frost heave. This paper proposes applying two special pavements — black pavement and insulation-black pavement — to improve the thermal regime of the roadbed. Three numerical models of the roadbed temperature field were built based on the field conditions of the Changchun section(D3K692+840 to D3K692+860). The results show that:(1) Compared with cement pavement, black pavement and insulation-black pavement could reduce the freezing index at the roadbed surface by 37% and 64%, respectively, which could influence the maximum frozen depth;(2) the maximum frozen depths under the black pavement and insulation-black pavement were respectively 1.3–1.4 m and 1 m. Compared with cement pavement, they could reduce the maximum frozen depth by 0.4 m and 0.7–0.8 m, respectively, which would reduce the permitted amount of frost heave by 4 mm and 7–8 mm, which would meet the deformation limit established by the Code for Design on Special Subgrade of Railway;(3) the freezing periods of the black pavement and the insulation-black pavement were, respectively, approximately four months and two months. Compared with cement pavement, they could reduce the freezing period by approximately 19 days and 40 days, respectively, and delay the initial freezing time by 9 days and 18 days; and(4) compared with cement pavement, black pavement and black-insulation pavement could reduce the frozen areas of roadbeds in the cold season, which suggests that these two special pavements could provide better thermal stability for roadbeds.     

用于高温地热井泡沫水泥泡沫剂性能研究

地热井钻井具有高温、地层压力低、地层破碎等特点,采用抗高温泡沫水泥进行固井,要求泡沫剂具有一定的抗高温性能。本文评价和优选了多种泡沫剂在常温和180℃高温下的起泡能力、稳定性,并且将优选出来的单种发泡剂进行复配评价,得到最佳的复配体系为SLES∶CAO∶CAB=63.3∶31.7∶5,并且与单种发泡剂进行比较,将所得最佳复配体系加入到API G级油井水泥体系中进行性能的初步评价。