土的力学性质对冻胀力影响的试验研究

Frost heaving stresses are a result of thermal, mechanical, and chemical forces. The process is complicated, and despite numerous publications on the subject, as yet there is no clear consensus on the model of mechanical interaction for soil freezing. Frost heaving stresses depends on mechanical properties of soil and conditions of measurements. Mechanical equilibrium between water, ice and soil particles based on the generalized Clapeyron equation and deformability of the components is considered. Increase of volume of freezing soil due to water flow to freezing fridge and phase transfer affects surrounding soil layers and appears to be the major reason of change of stress-strain conditions. A simplified model of mechanical interaction between soil and engineering construction is proposed. Experimental results of study of frost heaving forces by sensors of variable frigidity are presented. The experiments with different types of soil in conditions of open and close system were performed to provide a basis for the model and further estimations. Ongoing improvements and possible applications are discussed.     

防雷接地电阻测量误差分析

通过多年来理论研究和防雷装置检测实践,分析出接地电阻测量误差源原因并总结在不利测量条件下消除或限制测量误差的方法,以求接地电阻测量获得客观准确值。     

Modelling of evaporation in a sparse millet crop using a two-source model including sensible heat advection within the canopy

During two successive growing seasons meteorological measurements were made in a pearl millet field in the Sahel to investigate the evaporation process in relation to crop growth. The evaporation was measured by eddy correlation and simulated using the Shuttleworth Wallace (SW) model [Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 111 (1985) 839–855]. To take sun height and multi-layer scattering into account a radiation balance model was formulated. The model indicates that partitioning of the net radiation between the vegetation and the soil may be estimated (r²=0.94) from the fraction of diffuse radiation, the leaf area index and an attenuation coefficient, but that the attenuation coefficient may not be similar in different locations. To solve the SW-model with respect to the soil resistance an iterative solution was employed with the total evaporation estimated from the Bowen-ratio calculated from eddy correlation measurements. The procedure made it possible to derive stable estimates of soil resistance at soil evaporation rates down to 25 W m⁻². The soil resistance was found to be in accordance with evaporation through a dry surface layer. The SW-model indicates, that advection of sensible heat from the dry soil to the plants, increases transpiration considerably. This will cause management techniques, such as mulching and dry farming, aimed at reducing soil evaporation to be less effective than might be anticipated. The effects of raising the leaf area index to improve the microclimate is discussed in relation to management of the available water and crop security.     

山西应县木塔与历史地震

山西应县木塔与历史地震的关系是制定修缮应县木塔方案中的一个重要的问题。通过对历史资料的详细研究，对应县木塔的建造时间、场地影响烈度、地震对木塔的影响以及历史上2次加固的情况有了更清晰的认识。在此基础上，对未来的地震烈度给出了最保守的估计，并结合木塔的场地条件和木塔的结构，提出了对应县木塔抗震加固的具体建议。     

钻孔扩底灌注桩的设计与检测

结合钻孔扩底灌注桩在某高层建筑物基础中的成功应用,对钻孔扩底灌注桩的成桩原理进行了有关的阐述,认为扩底钻头的扩张角α≤25°为宜,且扩底高度范围内岩石层的饱和单轴抗压强度标准值一般不大于6MPa;同时在单桩竖向承载力的设计计算时,要求对桩身侧阻力与桩底端阻力进行相应修正。为确保钻孔扩底灌注桩桩端扩大头的施工质量,根据其自身特点,提出采用传统的钻孔取芯法进行检测,并针对工程应用情况进行了定性评价。     

Shifting frames for local people and forests in a global heritage: the Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary in the context of Thailand’s globalization and modernization

Focusing on the case of the World Heritage Site and Wildlife Sanctuary Thung Yai Naresuan, the paper sketches the interdependences of international and national forest and conservation policies in Thailand since the middle of the 19th century. In the context of Thailand’s globalization and modernization, these policies resulted in a coercing conservationism which focuses increasingly on the so-called ‘hill tribe’ ethnic minority groups. The shifting cultural and political framings of the area that became a national wildlife sanctuary and a ‘global heritage’ reflect external economic, political, and ideological interests. The people of the Karen ethnic minority group who live in the sanctuary are conceived of as a disruptive factor and never have had a chance to participate in these framings. After the designation of the area as a World Heritage Site, the remaining villages face increasing pressure from the Royal Forest Department which is trying to remove them with the help of the Military. Drawing on the different vested interests and the relativity of cultural conceptualizations, the paper questions the external framing, pointing to three major problems that are raised with regard to Thung Yai, but are symptomatic of modern conservationism at large: inconsistencies between normative claims and political practice; distortions of scale between conceptions designed at different levels of social space from the local to the global, and; the problem to reconcile conflicting cultural patterns and conceptualizations. The paper argues for a reframing of the conflict to conceive the Karen in Thung Yai as an integral part of the ‘global heritage’.     

渠道刚性衬砌层(板)冻胀受力试验与防冻胀破坏研究

对渠道受冻胀时其刚性衬砌层(板)受冻胀力的情况进行了室内模型测试试验, 结果表明: 其边坡衬砌层(板)所受的冻胀力是平行于该衬砌层(板)的切向冻胀力, 该力大小及正负与渠床土含水量沿渠道横断面高度的分布直接相关. 另外, 渠道边坡衬砌层(板)和其下冻土层之间冻结约束的存在与否是边坡衬砌层(板)会不会受冻胀力的必要条件, 若此约束存在, 则可能受冻胀力, 若此约束不存在(被解除), 则其不可能受冻胀力. 从对试验结果的分析中, 还找到了造成渠道刚性衬砌层(板)冻胀破坏的最终原因, 并据此提出了一些针对性很强的防治渠道冻胀破坏的方法.     

青藏铁路巴嘎榨岛状多年冻土的成因

青藏铁路地质条件复杂，多年冻土分布广泛，对多年冻土的调查评价是铁路设计与建设中的重要因素之一，本文通过对巴嗄榨岛状多年冻土的成因分析，并结合钻探、物探、测温等综合勘探成果，查明了该段多年冻土的工程地质条件，为铁路设计和施工提供了科学依据。     

Suppressive Effects of Traditional Mulching Using Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) on Solanaceae Crop Diseases

Poaceae plant species, such as silver grass, are commonly used in mulching activities Japan. In contrast, local farmers have traditionally used Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) mulch in the cultivation of solanaceous crops in the Nishi-Awa area of Japan, which is a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems site. We have previously evaluated the positive effects of Japanese knotweed mulching on solanaceous crops, such as eggplants, tomato, and potato. In the present study, we observed that the naturally occurring diseases in the solanaceous crops tended to decrease when the knotweed mulching system was adopted, in comparison to when Poaceae mulch was adopted. In eggplants, leaf mold and powdery mildew decreased under Japanese knotweed mulching. We further evaluated the effects of Japanese knotweed mulching by inoculating test plants with Pseudomonas cichorii. We observed suppression of bacterial disease and tomato mosaic virus under Japanese knotweed mulching and following spraying with Japanese knotweed extracts. In addition, disease-resistance genes were expressed at high levels in Arabidopsis thaliana, a model plant, following treatment with Japanese knotweed extracts. The results suggest that Japanese knotweed has potential applications in future sustainable agriculture activities.     

东方百合(Lilium)杂交品种索邦病程相关蛋白(PR1)基因的克隆与原核表达

病程相关蛋白（PR）广泛参与植物对生物和非生物胁迫的应答。采用cDNA末端快速克隆技术,从东方百合（Lilium）杂交品种索邦中克隆了PR1基因,并命名为LhSorPR1。LhSorPR1基因cDNA全长870 bp,5’非翻译区和3’非翻译区的长度分别为47 bp和274 bp。该基因的开放阅读框为549 bp,编码182个氨基酸。成熟的LhSorPR1蛋白（不含信号肽）分子量为18.19 kDa,等电点为5.69。采用同源建模方式构建的LhSorPR1蛋白三维结构与其模板番茄PR1蛋白p14a具有较高的相似性,说明百合PR1蛋白在结构和功能上与其他植物中的PR1蛋白具有较强的保守性。构建pCold Ⅱ-LhSorPR1原核表达,经IPTG诱导后,目的蛋白在大肠杆菌中以包涵体形式成功表达。使用免疫印迹方法对表达的LhSorPR1重组蛋白进行了验证,并对带有His标签的重组蛋白成功进行了纯化。