抗高温泡沫钻井液体系评价研究

高温地热钻井过程中,温度会对泡沫钻井液体系稳定性造成影响。针对高温地热井泡沫钻井液的技术要点,分别对发泡剂、稳泡剂、抗温土的优选,在此基础之上分别对泡沫钻井液的抗高温性能、抗污染能力进行了评价。实验结果表明:(1)优选出的发泡剂/聚合物/粘土体系在不同温度下进行测试,均具有良好的泡沫稳定性和发泡能力,说明初步形成的泡沫体系具有良好的抗230℃高温的能力。(2)通过模拟欠平衡钻进过程中地热水对泡沫钻井液体系的污染发现,该体系耐一价盐能达到20%,而且在加入5%CaCl_2后析液半衰期仍在5 min以上,最终形成一套抗高温能力可达230℃,具有较好悬浮携带能力的地热井抗高温环保钻井液体系。     

共和-玉树高速公路多格茸段冻胀丘与公路路基的相互影响

冻胀丘是土层中水分向冻结锋面大量迁移集聚,并且冻结膨胀使地面隆起呈丘状的一类冰缘地貌。冻胀丘的本质特征是存在纯冰核或高含冰地层,冻胀丘地表的隆起高度即代表了地下冰层的累计厚度,在工程建设中一般采用避让措施。在我国冻土区公路建设中,过去尚未遇到道路穿越冻胀丘的先例,正在建设中的青海省共和-玉树高速公路（简称共玉高速）在玛多县多格茸盆地横跨几个冻胀丘,对公路建成以后安全运营造成潜在威胁。以共玉高速建设里程K430+070处道路所跨的冻胀丘为例,基于地温监测数据和冻胀丘钻探资料,探讨公路建设对冻胀丘下覆冰层的影响及由此带来的路基稳定性问题。监测发现目前路基下多年冻土上限已经下降至冻胀丘高含冰地层位置,由于沥青路面的强吸热性,未来冻胀丘路段将发生持续沉降。如果多年冻土完全融化,该段路基有可能发展成热融湖塘。     

粉土中吸力桶沉贯阻力与土塞失稳机理研究

针对粉土中吸力桶在吸力沉贯中的两个关键性问题——沉贯阻力和内部土体稳定性,在自行研制的试验平台上进行了一系列吸力桶沉贯模型试验。试验结果表明,粉土中吸力沉贯时,Andersen所提供的基于CPT锥尖强度的阻力计算公式能较好预测阻力发展趋势,但计算结果偏小;而修正的承载力公式预测结果在沉贯前期与实测值较吻合,沉贯后期预测偏大。吸力沉贯前期,贯入阻力随深度稳步增长,直到贯入深度达到某个临界值后,阻力增长缓慢甚至保持不变。桶内粉土在吸力作用下的失稳机理与黏土或砂土不同,在渗透力作用下表现为从土层表面开始的自上而下管涌或渗流侵蚀。沉贯后期,端部土体在较高水头差下发生失稳并向桶内流动,造成了桶内土体密度降低,端阻力与内壁摩阻力降低,总贯入阻力主要由外壁摩阻力提供。并结合有限元模拟对上述实验现象的内在机理进行了解释。     

Application of GIS and remote sensing techniques in frost risk mapping for mitigating agricultural losses in the Aberdare ecosystem,Kenya

Frost is a perennial agricultural hazard that normally causes crop damage leading to huge agricultural losses within the Kenyan highlands; aggravated by inadequate information on frost. This research mapped frost hotspots within the Aberdare and Mount Kenya regions and identified the extent of arable land under frost risk while establishing the trend of minimum temperature occurrences between the years 2000 and 2013. Minimum temperature values were extracted from daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer land surface temperature data-sets, and frost risk categorized into very severe frost (<250 K), severe frost (250–260 K), moderate frost (260–270 K), minor frost (270–280 K) and areas of no frost. Concentration of frost (<273 K) was mapped within regions above 1500 m asl and occasional occurrences within valleys lower than this altitude with recurrent occurrences in the months of April, May, July, August and November. Elevation, land surface convexity and humidity were found to influence frost occurrence. Improved agricultural practice to mitigate against losses is recommended.     

关中平原明代霜雪灾害特征及小波分析研究

通过对关中平原明代历史文献资料的搜集和统计分析,研究了该区明代霜雪灾害等级、阶段与灾害发生周期等。结果表明,关中平原明代霜雪灾害可划分为轻度、中度、重度三级,各占总灾害频次的23%,54%,23%。该区明代霜雪灾害可划分为4个阶段,第1阶段(1368～1448年)和第3阶段(1508～1568年)为灾害少发期,第2阶段(1449～1507年)和第4阶段(1569～1644年)为灾害多发生期。小波分析显示,关中平原明代轻度、中度和重度霜雪灾害分别存在11 a、8 a、44 a的周期变化。初步确定关中平原明代1618～1631年发生了1次寒冷气候事件。     

Effects of separate and mutual application of Na and Si on drought resistance of Haloxylon ammodendron

We studied pot cultivated Haloxylon ammodendron’s growth, physiological changes and drought resistance under NaCl, H₂SiO₃, and NaCl+H₂SiO₃ treatments. Results show that 0.3 g/kg NaCl, 0.2 g/kg H₂SiO₃ or 0.3 g/kg NaCl+0.1 g/kg H₂SiO₃ treatments can effectively promote growth and improve the drought resistance of H. ammodendron. Compared with that without NaCl treatment, H. ammodendron’s height, crown diameter and fresh weight increased by 42%, 91% and 62% respectively under 0.3 g/kg NaCl treatment, and its main stem diameter, main root diameter and main root length increased by 40%, 39% and 23%, respectively. Compared with that without H₂SiO₃ treatments, H. ammodendron’s height, crown diameter and fresh weight increased by 36%, 45% and 27% respectively under 0.2 g/kg H₂SiO₃ treatment, and its main stem diameter, main root diameter and main root length increased by 23%, 23% and 20%, respectively. Compared with that under 0.3 g/kg NaCl treatment, H. ammodendron’s height, crown diameter and fresh weight and main root length increased by 9%, 10%, 17% and 12% respectively under 0.3 g/kg NaCl+0.1 g/kg H₂SiO₃ treatment. Compared with that under 0.1 g/kg H₂SiO₃ treatment, H. ammodendron’s height, crown diameter and fresh weight increased by 28%, 76% and 68% respectively under 0.3 g/kg NaCl+0.1 g/kg H₂SiO₃ treatment, and its main stem diameter, main root diameter and main root length increased by 30%, 32% and 27%, respectively. This suggests that moderate levels of NaCl+H₂SiO₃ interaction can effectively promote growth and improve drought resistance of H. ammodendron than separate applications of NaCl or H₂SiO₃.     

Spatial distributions and seasonal variations of features related to a venting process at high southern latitudes observed by the MOC camera

A distinctive terrain named cryptic region which is characterized by regions of low albedo and low temperature has been identified on the Martian south polar cap. In this zone, many fan- and spider-shaped features of km-scale appeared following the sublimation of the CO₂ frost layer. These peculiar features were apparently caused by a wind-blown system of dust-laden jets. During the warming period starting at L_s∼180°, the seasonal ice cap regresses and fans and spiders appear in sequence. These surface features are repeatable events that tend to occupy the same areas from year to year. In this study, we use the Mars Orbiter camera (MOC) narrow-angle images to produce a statistical study of the time distributions of the fans and spiders as functions of L_s and as functions of the topography. The time variations and spatial distributions of these features are further correlated with the CO₂ ice coverage measured by the Mars Orbiter laser altimeter (MOLA) instrument. We have documented that most of the fans are found in the early spring with L_s<230° and the fans and spiders coexist at L_s=250°±20°. It is also found that there is a strong dependence on latitude and altitude with fans and spiders most often observed at high latitude (>83°S) and high altitude (>2500 m). Our statistical result also indicates that the occurrence of fans is highly correlated with the thickness of the CO₂ frost thus providing support for the venting model.     

星载被动微波资料（SSM/I）在2008年南方冰雪灾害监测中的应用试验

2008年1月中旬至2月初,我国南方出现了罕见的大范围低温雨雪冰冻天气灾害.南方地区地面积雪的覆盖范围等灾害信息对于气象公共服务、决策服务都有着十分重要的意义.目前国内外开展的被动微波积雪研究,多关注高纬度、极地地区或高原地区的干雪状况,薄雪、湿雪的判识问题较少有人触及.而我国冰冻灾害期间,南方地区由于处于较低纬度带,昼夜温度在0℃上下起伏,雨、雪、雨夹雪天气的轮替,地面积雪恰恰多为湿雪、薄雪.积雪雪层由于液态水的存在将大大改变观测辐射信号,雪内少量液态水就能导致微波亮温值急剧上升.利用南方地区积雪冻融变化时微波亮温昼夜之间的差异变化,使用被动微波数据(DMSP-SSM/I)建立了对低纬度南方地区积雪监测的一种补充方法,结合其他积雪产品,可以获得更加完整的低纬度地区积雪分布信息.     

辽宁省近50年霜的气候变化特征

主要使用辽宁省35个站点1957—2006年霜的地面观测资料以及相应时间的温度资料分析了该区霜的变化特征及其受气候变暖的影响,得到如下结论:近50年辽宁省初霜日期推迟近10 d,终霜日期提前约17 d,无霜期日数增加约26 d;初、终霜日期和无霜期日数在20世纪90年代初发生突变;从空间分布来看,初霜日期明显推后、终霜日期显著提前、无霜期增多的区域主要分布在辽宁中部、西部以及辽东半岛的部分地区;初霜日期与9月份各温度因子相关性较与其他各月高,终霜日期与4月份各温度因子相关性较强,无霜期主要受4—9月间各温度因子的影响;初霜期推迟、终霜期提前以及无霜期延长都主要是由温度的升高引起的,其中平均最低地面温度、平均最低气温是最重要的影响因素;伴随气候变暖,辽宁省初、终霜发生日期以及无霜期长度的空间分布都显示出由西南向东北方向推移的特点。     

粤西北霜冻天气的气候统计特征

统计分析粤西北1964～2006年霜日、初终霜期的多年平均特征,以及霜、冰日形成期间的典型气象要素场特征。结果表明:粤西北年霜日从高纬向低纬呈逐渐减少的趋势,年霜日主要集中在12月和1月;初霜日由北向南推迟,而终霜日则相反;霜形成过程中有90%以上02:00晴空无云,地表最低温度为-1.9～2.0℃;结冰过程,地表最低温度为-5.9～0℃;霜、冰形成过程中,静风情况下,08:00相对湿度高于非静风情况。